{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T14:04:56Z","timestamp":1784642696010,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is a rare disease in children, and its treatment remains a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate treatment outcomes of patients with CPT treated by using the Ilizarov method combined with intramedullary fixation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen patients evaluated retrospectively from January 2009 to January 2020 were treated using the Ilizarov method combined with intramedullary fixation. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and complications were all recorded and investigated during the period of follow-up. Ankle function was evaluated by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores at the last follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average follow-up was 39.2 months (25\u201385 months) for all 18 patients. The mean age was 6.2 years (3.5\u201311.2 years). Fourteen (77.8%) patients had a primary bone union at the site of pseudarthrosis, while four obtained union after secondary surgical intervention. The mean duration of the Ilizarov method was 8.1 months (4.2\u201313.5 months). Eight (44.4%) patients had a pin-tract infection during treatment. Four (22.2%) patients had proximal tibial valgus with a mean angle of 12.1\u00b0 (5\u201325\u00b0), while seven (38.9%) patients had ankle valgus deformities with a mean of 10.3\u00b0 (5\u201320\u00b0). Eleven (61.1%) patients had an average 1.4\u2005cm of limb length discrepancy (LLD) (0.6\u20133.1\u2005cm) postoperatively. Five (27.8%) patients had refracture and recovered after a secondary surgery. At the last follow-up, the average postoperative AOFAS score was 72 (55\u201384).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Ilizarov method combined with intramedullary fixation is an effective method for the treatment of CPT, which can facilitate bony union and help to prevent refracture. Management of fibular pseudarthrosis is associated with functional outcomes. It is necessary to follow up until skeletal maturity and evaluate long-term clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.901262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T06:15:59Z","timestamp":1652768159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Combination of the Ilizarov Method and Intramedullary Fixation for the Treatment of Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia in Children: A Retrospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ainizier","family":"Yalikun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maimaiaili","family":"Yushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimurang","family":"Hamiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihemaitijiang","family":"Yusufu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-013-0535-2","article-title":"Induced membrane technique for the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: Preliminary results of five cases","volume":"7","author":"Pannier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"618","article-title":"The possible relationship of neurofibromatosis, congenital pseudarthrosis, and fibrous dysplasia","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-3-13","article-title":"Long-term follow-up on the use of vascularized fibular graft for the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia","volume":"6","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-3029-7","article-title":"Management of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia with the Ilizarov method in a paediatric population: Influence of aetiological factors","volume":"40","author":"Borzunov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2011.3.1.1","article-title":"Ilizarov treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: A multi-targeted approach using the Ilizarov technique","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1302\/1863-2548.13.180147","article-title":"Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: Biological and biomechanical considerations to achieve union and prevent refracture","volume":"13","author":"Paley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200406000-00010","article-title":"Use of an intramedullary rod for treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. 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