{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:40:39Z","timestamp":1792593639864,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormal contraction of uterus and vascular smooth muscle lead to the formation of hypoxia environment in uterus. Abnormal contraction may be the basis of dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, infertility and other diseases. Phloroglucinol is a non-atropine and non-papaverine smooth muscle spasmolytic agent, which can reduce the abnormal contraction of uterine smooth muscle. This study investigated the effect of phloroglucinol on frozen embryo transfer in patients with endometriosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data of patients with endometriosis who underwent a frozen embryo transfer in Shanghai Changzheng Hospital from August 2018 to August 2021, comprising a total of 453 cycles, were retrospectively analyzed. The patients for whom phloroglucinol was included over 217 cycles were administered intramuscully 40\u2005mg phloroglucinol starting on the day of progesterone administration, then once daily up to day 7 after the embryo transfer. Those for whom phloroglucinol was not administered over 236 cycles were used as the control group. The age of 35 years was used as a boundary in this study to observe the pregnancy outcomes of patients in the two different age groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The biochemical pregnancy rate (63.13% vs. 51.27%), embryo implantation rate (44.64% vs. 33.60%), clinical pregnancy rate (59.64% vs. 48.30%), and live birth rate (52.99% vs. 36.86%) after the administration of phloroglucinol were higher than for patients in the control group, and the early abortion rate (7.75% vs. 20.18%) was also lower. The differences were statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). In particular, in the age group &amp;lt;35 years old, the embryo implantation rate (51.81% vs. 39.38%), clinical pregnancy rate (69.34% vs. 57.55%), and the live birth rate (63.50% vs. 44.60%) after phloroglucinol intervention rose significantly, and the abortion rate dropped (6.32% vs. 17.5%), indicating a statistically significant difference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). However, pregnancy outcomes showed no difference in the age group \u226535 years old (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Continuous low-dose phloroglucinol pretreatment before and after frozen embryo transfer can improve both the clinical pregnancy and live birth rates and reduce the risk of abortion in younger infertile patients with endometriosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.994775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T10:08:19Z","timestamp":1672999699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of the effect of phloroglucinol on pregnancy outcomes involving frozen embryo transfers in patients with endometriosis: A retrospective case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wen-Juan","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning-Xia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"National health commission core information of health education on infertility prevention and treatment","year":"2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh275","article-title":"Incidence of laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis by demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors","volume":"160","author":"Missmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(02)03112-6","article-title":"Effect of endometriosis on in vitro fertilization","volume":"77","author":"Barnhart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.04.019","article-title":"Administration of atosiban in patients with endometriosis undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a prospective, randomized study","volume":"106","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-016-0220-7","article-title":"The abnormal expression of oxytocin receptors in the uterine junctional zone in women with endometriosis","volume":"15","author":"Miaomaio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02745-7","article-title":"Efficacy of phloroglucinol for the treatment of pain of gynaecologic or obstetrical origin: a systematic review of literature of randomised controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Clara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16026","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016026","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and safety of phloroglucinol and magnesium sulfate in the treatment of threatened abortion","volume":"98","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0529-567x.2015.03.001","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis","volume":"50","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.08.016","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and venous thromboembolism","volume":"142","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(00)00518-5","article-title":"Blastocyst score affects implantation and pregnancy outcome: towards a single blastocyst transfer","volume":"73","author":"Gardner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD012375","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012375.pub2","article-title":"Oxytocin antagonists for assisted reproduction","volume":"9","author":"Craciunas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4455-0","article-title":"A meta-analysis of atosiban supplementation among patients undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"296","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-016-0736-y","article-title":"The endometrial preparation for frozen-thawed euploid blastocyst transfer: a prospective randomized trial comparing clinical results from natural modified cycle and exogenous hormone stimulation with GnRH agonis","volume":"33","author":"Greeo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Assisted Genet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml004","article-title":"Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation","volume":"12","author":"Achache","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13082","article-title":"Endometriosis-associated infertility: aspects of pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment options","volume":"96","author":"Tanbo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i32.4317","article-title":"Circular smooth muscle contributes to esophageal shortening during peristalsis","volume":"18","author":"Vegesna","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.6.1115","article-title":"Uterine contractility decreases at the time of blastoeyst transfers","volume":"16","author":"Fanchin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.7.1968","article-title":"Uterine contractions at the time of embryo transfer alter pregnancy rates after in-vitro fertilization","volume":"13","author":"Fanchin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu058","article-title":"Uterine peristalsis before embryo transfer affects the chance of clinical pregnancy in fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det429","article-title":"Uterine peristalsis exerts control over fluid migration after mock embryo transfer","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2010.09.015","article-title":"Oxytocin and vasopressin V(1A) receptors as new therapeutic targets in assisted reproduction","volume":"22","author":"Pierzynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2011.07.013","article-title":"First epidemiologic data about phloroglucinol exposure during first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Lacroix","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Fertil"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2013.01.165","article-title":"Inhibition of endometrial fundocervical wave by phloroglucinol and the outcome of in vitro fertilization","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn101441-20190626-00277","article-title":"Effects of phloroglucinol on transfer outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer","volume":"40","author":"Xujing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Reprod Contracep"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2018.03.012","article-title":"An optimised repetition time (TR) for cine imaging of uterine peristalsis on 3\u2005T MRI","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.07.009","article-title":"The effect of phloroglucinol on pain in first-trimester surgical abortion: a double-blind randomized controlled study","volume":"81","author":"Zhuang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.16190\/j.cnki.45-1211\/r.2015.05.030","article-title":"Application value of phloroglucinol in embryo transfer","volume":"32","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Guangxi Med Univ"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804690","article-title":"Endometriosis","volume":"360","author":"Bulun","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.02.093","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms in endometriosis-associated infertility","volume":"90","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Surgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.994775\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T10:08:28Z","timestamp":1672999708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.994775\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fsurg.2022.994775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.994775","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-875X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-875X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"article-number":"994775"}}