{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1778892456264,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013798","name":"Key Research and Invention Plan of Jiangxi Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20192BBG70026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192BBG70026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013798","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development of skull base surgery in the past decade has been influenced by advances in visualization techniques; recently, due to such improvements, 3D endoscopes have been widely used. Herein, we address its effect for transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 63 patients who under endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) with 3-D endoscope were retrospectively reviewed, including pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, Rathke\u2019s cleft cysts, and chordomas. According to different lesions, transsellar approach (24 cases), transsphenoidal\u2013transtuberculum approach (14 cases), transclival approach (6 cases), and transpterygoid approach (19 cases) were selected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Total removal of tumors was achieved in 56 patients (88.9%) and subtotal removal in 7 cases (11.1%). Complications included diabetes insipidus in seven patients (11.1%), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage in two patients (3.2%), major vascular injury occurred in one patient (1.6%), cranial nerve injury in nine patients (14.3%), and meningitis in two patients (3.2%). There was no mortality in the series. All patients recovered and were back to normal daily life, and no tumor recurrence or delayed CSF leakage was detected during the follow-up (2\u201313 months, mean 7.59 months).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Via 3D EES, it improved depth perception and preserved important neurovascular tissue when tumors were removed, which is important for improving the operative prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.996290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T08:02:31Z","timestamp":1663920151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The use of three-dimensional endoscope in transnasal skull base surgery: A single-center experience from 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