{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T21:05:54Z","timestamp":1766869554383,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low back pain (LBP) is a widespread clinical symptom affecting nearly all age groups and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Degenerative changes in the spine and paraspinal tissues primarily contribute to the etiology of LBP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted this systematic review of animal models of paraspinal muscle (PSM) degeneration secondary to degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD), providing a comprehensive evaluation of PSM structural changes observed in these models at both macroscopic and microscopic levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE Ovid databases were searched through November 2023. Literature was sequentially screened based on titles, abstracts, inclusion of animal models and full texts. A manual search of reference lists from all eligible studies was also performed to identify any eligible article. Two independent reviewers screened the articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation's Risk of Bias tool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of nine studies were included in the final analysis after a comprehensive screening process. The included studies were assessed for various aspects of the multifidus muscle. Given the limited number of studies and the substantial heterogeneity among them, a quantitative meta-analysis was deemed inappropriate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review shows a comprehensive analysis of structural changes in the multifidus muscle in animal models of IVD degeneration and offers crucial insights for developing improved rodent models of IVD degeneration and assessing a battery of approaches for multifidus degeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2024.1482821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T06:19:00Z","timestamp":1734329940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structural changes of the multifidus in animal models of intervertebral disk degeneration: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yaobin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinghua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weikang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaocheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenlei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990\u20132020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","article-title":"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention","volume":"391","author":"Hartvigsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7555.1430","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain","volume":"332","author":"Koes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.04.006","article-title":"Guideline summary review: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain","volume":"20","author":"Kreiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","article-title":"Non-specific low back pain","volume":"389","author":"Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2016.05.012","article-title":"Chronic low back pain","volume":"62","author":"Alleva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010208","article-title":"Discogenic low back pain: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatments of intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Isa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092241","article-title":"Stem cells and exosomes: new therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Krut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067373","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1067373","article-title":"Advances in research on fat infiltration and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07471-w","article-title":"Is fatty infiltration in paraspinal muscles reversible with exercise in people with low back pain? 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