{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T14:09:49Z","timestamp":1792764589373,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si, Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innovaci\u00f3s Alap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper aims to establish an in silico workflow for biomechanical assessment of patient-specific 3D-printed forearm casts using finite element analysis, and to apply this workflow to compare a novel computationally designed point-of-care cast with a commercially available state-of-the-art cast.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A finite element model of a human forearm was generated from CT data, incorporating bones, soft tissues, and a simulated distal radius and ulna fracture. Two cast designs were virtually applied: a commercial cast (AA_CAST) and a point-of-care cast (POC_CAST) featuring a hexagonal lattice. The POC_CAST was simulated with three 3D-printing materials: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Resin, and Polyamide. Six physiological loading conditions were assessed with the proximal end constrained: flexion, extension, radial and ulnar deviation (400 N load), and pronation and supination (1 Nm moment). Maximum von Mises stress in the casts and at the fracture surfaces, as well as maximum fracture displacement, were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The AA_CAST model demonstrated superior fracture stabilization, showing consistently lower maximum von Mises stresses and displacements across all loading conditions. The POC_CAST exhibited its highest internal stresses during extension (36\u201337\u2005MPa) and the largest fracture displacements during radial deviation (0.28\u20130.36\u2005mm). In the POC_CAST simulations, printing material influenced fracture displacement but had negligible effect on maximum cast stress. All simulated configurations maintained fracture displacement below 0.4\u2005mm, indicating adequate immobilization performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The in silico workflow proved effective for biomechanical evaluation of patient-specific 3D-printed casts and enabled direct comparison between a novel POC design and a commercial standard. While the commercial cast provided superior stabilization in simulation, the POC_CAST also demonstrated mechanically sound performance. These findings support the workflow as a robust tool for preclinical assessment, iterative design, and material selection for orthopedic devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2026.1765652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T06:42:56Z","timestamp":1774248176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In silico workflow for validation of patient-specific 3D-printed casts in forearm fracture immobilization"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marton","family":"Bartos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]},{"name":"In Silico Biomechanics Laboratory, National Center for Spinal Disorders, Buda Health Center","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agoston 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