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Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify independent risk factors for infectious complications (fever, SIRS, sepsis) after endoscopic lithotripsy and construct a multi-outcome hierarchical prediction model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Retrospective study of 914 patients (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009914). Primary analysis used multinomial logistic regression for sepsis; sensitivity analysis used binary logistic regression for fever and SIRS with backward elimination. Bootstrap validation, AUC, calibration (MAE), and DCA were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary analysis: positive urine culture (OR\u2009=\u20093.36), previous surgery (OR\u2009=\u20093.62), radiological signs of infection (OR\u2009=\u20094.02), and combined surgery (OR\u2009=\u20094.95) were independent risk factors for sepsis (AUC=0.794, MAE=0.008). Fever model: radiological signs and surgical modality (AUC=0.715). SIRS model: radiological signs and ULE+++ (OR\u2009=\u20095.1, AUC=0.73). DCA showed net clinical benefit for all three models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The multi-outcome hierarchical model effectively predicts postoperative infection risk. Nomograms guide individualized perioperative interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2026.1861286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:42:42Z","timestamp":1790833362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors and prediction model for post-endoscopic lithotripsy infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaotao","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yongchuan District People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyong","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yongchuan District People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Chongqing, 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