{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:06:36Z","timestamp":1786118796545,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eyebrow defects or deformities significantly impact facial aesthetics and emotional expression, making eyebrow reconstruction a critical area in reconstructive surgery. This review systematically examines the evolution of eyebrow reconstruction techniques, focusing on the innovative transition from traditional reliance on flap transfers to modern minimally invasive approaches and regenerative medicine strategies. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the principles, indications, clinical outcomes, and limitations associated with various techniques. It further explores current technical challenges and future directions in the field, aiming to offer a comprehensive theoretical reference and cutting-edge perspective for clinical practice. The integration of tissue engineering, hair transplantation, and advanced reconstructive methods holds promise for improving functional and aesthetic results, addressing both congenital and acquired eyebrow deficiencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2026.1865502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T16:44:02Z","timestamp":1786034642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The evolving landscape of eyebrow reconstruction: from traditional flaps to minimally invasive techniques and regenerative medicine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Renjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wuyi First People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Wuyi, Zhejiang Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxiao","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wuyi First People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Wuyi, Zhejiang Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wuyi First People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Wuyi, Zhejiang Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People\u2019s Hospital, The Wenzhou People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated of Hangzhou Medical College","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People\u2019s Hospital, The Wenzhou People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated of Hangzhou Medical College","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5964","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-025-05236-6","article-title":"Ideal eyebrows in east asians: based on morphological measurements and questionnaire survey","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.55519\/JAMC-02-12771","article-title":"The aesthetic reconstruction of post-burn eyebrow alopecia with bilateral superficial temporal artery island scalp flap","volume":"36","author":"Suman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"329","article-title":"Aesthetic reconstruction of post-burn eyebrow alopecia with a superficial temporal island scalp flap: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Amouzou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2024.11.012","article-title":"Total eyebrow reconstruction with a free superficial temporal artery flap: a case report","volume":"43","author":"Phung","year":"2025","journal-title":"JPRAS open"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000012046","article-title":"Medial brow restoration following paramedian forehead flap reconstruction: a surgical technique","author":"Minhas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2024.2444515","article-title":"Technical notes for a method of eyebrow reconstruction by retroauricular scalp graft: problems and countermeasures","volume":"44","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.53045\/jprs.2021-0015","article-title":"Partial lateral eyebrow defect reconstruction using the contralateral orbicularis oculi muscle pedicled skin island flap: a case report","volume":"1","author":"Arashiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21880","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.21880","article-title":"The use of a hemi glabellar flap for reconstruction of medial canthus defects","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2646811","DOI":"10.1080\/23320885.2026.2646811","article-title":"Forehead dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treated exclusively with full-thickness skin grafting: a unique case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Mahfouz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Case Reports Plast Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.6132","article-title":"Reconstructing the glabella and nasal root","volume":"21","author":"Neill","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol: JDD"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003718","article-title":"The aesthetic evaluation of the brow-eye continuum after correction of severe congenital ptosis in children with extended frontalis muscle advancement technique","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-022-02878-8","article-title":"Aesthetic changes of brow-eyelid continuum after correction of moderate-severe blepharoptosis with conjoint fascial sheath suspension","volume":"46","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002613","article-title":"One pedicled superficial temporal artery hair-bearing flap to reconstruct three different anatomical areas of the burnt face: a personal technique","volume":"86","author":"Al-Qattan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000010566","article-title":"The role of CT angiography in designing a hair-bearing superficial temporal artery flap for eyebrow reconstruction","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9792","DOI":"10.4081\/dr.2023.9792","article-title":"A-to-t advancement flap or t-plasty for eyebrow reconstruction","volume":"15","author":"Miccio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Reports"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70061","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70061","article-title":"Eyebrow and upper eyelid reconstruction with a double rhomboid flap in a dog","volume":"29","author":"King","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjac004","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjac004","article-title":"A novel technique for forehead and eyebrow reconstruction using a temporal hairline flap combined with a free forearm flap: a report of two cases","volume":"2022","author":"Hihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.61186\/wjps.13.1.87","article-title":"Temporoparietal flap for facial reconstruction: donor site morbidity","volume":"13","author":"Rahpeyma","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Plast Surg"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e308","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008202","article-title":"Eyebrow reconstruction with temporal hairline relay flap","volume":"33","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.04.005","article-title":"Nasal reconstruction with the expanded forehead flap: long-term follow-up of esthetic outcome and 12-year experience","volume":"83","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.1564823","article-title":"Long hair follicular unit excision: personal experience","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14226","article-title":"Cicatricial eyebrow restoration using the follicular unit extraction technique","volume":"21","author":"Sabanciogullarindan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3598","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003598","article-title":"Eyebrow transplantation using long hair follicular unit excision technique","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn501120-20200316-00172","article-title":"Clinical effects of fine follicular unit extraction and transplantation in repairing cicatricial eyebrow defects","volume":"37","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang za zhi=Chinese Journal of Burns"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1739253","article-title":"Hair transplant for eyebrow restoration","volume":"54","author":"Rajput","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04289-3","article-title":"Clinic analysis and effective improvement tips for poor eyebrow transplantation","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000003469","article-title":"Frontal-temporal triangle area hair for eyebrow restoration in asians: a comparative study with periauricular and occipital hair","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2024.09.008","article-title":"Periauricular hair transplantation enhances the cosmetic results of eyebrow transplantation: a retrospective study in Chinese recipients","volume":"98","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5331","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.000000000000533131","article-title":"Eyebrow restoration in deep facial burn: follicular unit extraction hair transplantation after nanofat graft. Plastic and reconstructive surgery global open","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16518","article-title":"Follicular unit extraction combined with fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy for post-traumatic eyebrow scar with defects: a prospective and comparative study","volume":"23","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP1382","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjab225","article-title":"Hair transplantation in burn scar alopecia after combined non-ablative fractional laser and microfat graft treatment","volume":"41","author":"Agaoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg J"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14963","article-title":"Combination of platelet-rich plasma and platelet gel in treatment of resistance androgenic alopecia: a case series study","volume":"21","author":"Lotfi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"29","article-title":"Study on the efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin matrix in hair follicular unit transplantation in androgenetic alopecia patients","volume":"9","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58358","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.58358","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment of mature burn scars, post-traumatic scars, and post-acne scars","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14698","article-title":"Factors affecting the outcome of fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing of various types of scars in skin of color","volume":"21","author":"Maninder","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-021-03362-6","article-title":"Periocular rejuvenation using a unique non-ablative long-pulse 2940\u2005nm er:yAG laser","volume":"37","author":"Badawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-011-9314-y","article-title":"Two- and three-dimensional culture of keratinocyte stem and precursor cells derived from primary murine epidermal cultures","volume":"8","author":"Vollmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reviews and Reports"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29999","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029999","article-title":"Delayed cutaneous wound healing and aberrant expression of hair follicle stem cell markers in mice selectively lacking Ctip2 in epidermis","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.3791\/2561","article-title":"Isolation and culture of adult epithelial stem cells from human skin","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vis Exp: JoVE"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2023-049242","article-title":"FUE As the first surgical option for hair reconstruction on scalp and facial skin grafts\u2014case report","volume":"17","author":"Popescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093726","article-title":"Human wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells plasticity augments scar-free skin wound healing with hair growth","volume":"9","author":"Sabapathy","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c01780","article-title":"Hair follicle organoids using human iPSC-derived ectodermal precursor cells for hair regenerative medicine","volume":"12","author":"Kageyama","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2014.49.1.7","article-title":"Disease modeling and cell based therapy with iPSC: future therapeutic option with fast and safe application","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2011.09.003","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cells from hair follicles as a cellular model for neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"8","author":"Petit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rbac086","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac086","article-title":"Injectable and biofunctionalized fibrin hydrogels co-embedded with stem cells induce hair follicle genesis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen Biomater"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2021.112888","article-title":"Injectable platelet rich fibrin facilitates hair follicle regeneration by promoting human dermal papilla cell proliferation, migration, and trichogenic inductivity","volume":"409","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04830-4","article-title":"Synergistic effects of mesenchymal stem cell secretome and Wnt10b on hair follicle regeneration in a 3D bioengineering model: a preclinical study","volume":"16","author":"Bajouri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119736","article-title":"Ultrasound-activated particles as CRISPR\/Cas9 delivery system for androgenic alopecia therapy","volume":"232","author":"Ryu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.23890","article-title":"Generation of cashmere goats carrying an EDAR gene mutant using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11855","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911855","article-title":"Gender-difference in hair length as revealed by crispr-based production of long-haired mice with dysfunctional FGF5 mutations","volume":"23","author":"Takahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14928","article-title":"Treatment of scarring alopecia in children using follicular unit hair transplantation","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009027","article-title":"Ultrathin supratrochlear artery cutaneous branch flaps for large defects around eyebrows","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.7181\/acfs.2021.00262","article-title":"Upper eyelid reconstruction using a combination of a nasal septal chondromucosal graft and a fricke flap: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000010797","article-title":"Evaluation of surgical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes of eyebrow defect repair with \u201ckite flap\u201d","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5590","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005590","article-title":"Bilateral forehead rotation flap with skin substitute application for convexity replacement","volume":"12","author":"Lauck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002376","article-title":"Skin-only versus skin-plus-orbicularis resection blepharoplasty: an elaborated analysis of early- and long-term effects on corneal nerves, meibomian glands, dry eye parameters, and eyebrow position","volume":"39","author":"Dericio\u011flu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2021.0325","article-title":"Thematic analysis of Canadian patient-reported outcomes in facial nerve paralysis: a combined interpretive description and modified delphi approach","volume":"24","author":"Wihlidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009801","article-title":"Traditional versus laterally extended upper blepharoplasty skin excisions: objective and patient-reported outcomes","volume":"151","author":"Hollander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2024.06.018","article-title":"Reconstruction of eyebrows by follicular transplantation","volume":"69","author":"Bouhanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Chir Plast Esthet"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7449","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000007449","article-title":"First free anterolateral thigh flap for facial reconstruction following bear mauling in Bhutan","volume":"14","author":"Jamtsho","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.41.158.32802","article-title":"Traumatic hemifacial avulsion and degloving injury: a case report","volume":"41","author":"Simbila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641269","DOI":"10.1080\/23320885.2026.2641269","article-title":"Adaptive multi-stage paramedian forehead flap for nasal reconstruction following HSV-related necrosis in a pediatric patient with primary immunodeficiency","volume":"13","author":"Mortada","year":"2026","journal-title":"Case Reports Plast Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000002441","article-title":"Light and laser treatments for keratosis pilaris: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Kechichian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14461","article-title":"Cephalometric analysis following combined sub-SMAS hyaluronic acid injection and subdermal and supraperiosteal poly-l-lactic acid injections in Asian women","volume":"21","author":"Chuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16368","article-title":"Increasing precision during neuromodulator injections for frontal rhytids-using ultrasound imaging to identify the line of convergence","volume":"23","author":"Meneses","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14421","article-title":"Reconstruction of the eyebrow, preserving its length with a modified o-to-t plasty and horizontal division of the eyebrow","volume":"19","author":"Volz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.02.043","article-title":"Periosteal tacking sutures to facilitate primary repair of eyebrow-adjacent mohs defects","volume":"89","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.03.040","article-title":"Understanding the impact of eyebrow and lateral canthal height on the perception of character traits: a rating-based analysis of 2,081 participants","volume":"104","author":"Kempa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16554","article-title":"A comparative study on the application of robotic hair restoration technology versus traditional follicular unit excision in male androgenetic alopecia","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.25259\/JCAS_4_2024","article-title":"A comprehensive review of evolution of advanced follicular unit excision systems","volume":"18","author":"Chauhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2020.01.010","article-title":"Beard hair transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Bared","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_41_22","article-title":"Repigmentation of segmental vitiligo with scalp and pubic follicular unit extraction graft transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Pillai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Trichology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009926","article-title":"Post-hair transplantation complication: kinky or severely curly hair","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2021.0098","article-title":"Hair follicle stem cells for tissue regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Peterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part B Rev"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00619-2","article-title":"Alpinetin promotes hair regeneration via activating hair follicle stem cells","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01177-2","article-title":"Autophagy induces hair follicle stem cell activation and hair follicle regeneration by regulating glycolysis","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008785","article-title":"The rise of induced pluripotent stem cell approach to hair restoration","volume":"148","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4103\/JCAS.JCAS_104_20","article-title":"Hair transplant practice guidelines","volume":"14","author":"Mysore","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2020.01.003","article-title":"Complications with hair transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Nadimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4103\/JCAS.JCAS_181_19","article-title":"Keloid scars arising after follicular unit extraction hair transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Alhamzawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82991","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.82991","article-title":"Comprehensive review on hair loss and restorative techniques: advances in diagnostic, artistry, and surgical innovation","volume":"17","author":"Mendoza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70241","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70241","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in aesthetic medicine: applications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Al-Dhubaibi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15213","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy of follicular unit extraction versus follicular unit extraction with platelet rich plasma in treatment of cicatricial alopecia","volume":"21","author":"Elariny","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5120","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-025-05046-w","article-title":"Regenerative \u00ae hair transplant: innovation in hair transplantation regenerative \u00ae hair transplant","volume":"49","author":"Visentainer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.000000000001085511","article-title":"Improving hair scar defects through the integration of autologous fat transplantation and hair follicle unit transplantation","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000003152","article-title":"Robotically assisted recipient site preparation in hair restoration surgery: surgical safety and clinical outcomes in 31 consecutive patients","volume":"47","author":"Kanayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Surgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsurg.2026.1865502\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T16:44:04Z","timestamp":1786034644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsurg.2026.1865502\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fsurg.2026.1865502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2026.1865502","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-875X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-875X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"article-number":"1865502"}}