{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T04:20:11Z","timestamp":1793852411673,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Syst. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irrational antibiotic use contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections globally. Molecular research has shown that multiple resistance frequently develops from the uptake of pre-existing resistance genes, which are subsequently intensified under selective pressures. Resistant genes spread and are acquired through mobile genetic elements which are essential for facilitating horizontal gene transfer. MGEs have been identified as carriers of genetic material and are a significant player in evolutionary processes. These include insertion sequences, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements, plasmids, and genomic islands, all of which can transfer between and within DNA molecules. With an emphasis on pathogenic bacteria, this review highlights the salient features of the MGEs that contribute to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. MGEs carry non-essential genes, including AMR and virulence genes, which can enhance the adaptability and fitness of their bacterial hosts. These elements employ evolutionary strategies to facilitate their replication and dissemination, thus enabling survival without positive selection for the harboring of beneficial genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsysb.2025.1557413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T05:27:57Z","timestamp":1754630877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Unraveling the role of mobile genetic elements in antibiotic resistance transmission and defense strategies in bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ranjith","family":"Kumavath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eswar Rao","family":"Tatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahima S.","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simi Asma","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhardha","family":"Busi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2024.102436","article-title":"Multi-layered genome defences in bacteria","volume":"78","author":"Agapov","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae345","article-title":"Prokaryotic Argonaute nuclease cooperates with co-encoded RNase to acquire guide RNAs and target invader DNA","volume":"52","author":"Agapov","year":"","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.22088\/cjim.10.4.370","article-title":"Resistance integrons; A mini review","volume":"10","author":"Akrami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Casp J intern Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040733","article-title":"The plasmidomic landscape of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Malaysia","volume":"12","author":"Al-Trad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000639","article-title":"Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental bacteriophages","volume":"97","author":"Anand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"lqad066","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqad066","article-title":"Mge-cluster: a reference-free approach for typing bacterial plasmids","volume":"5","author":"Arredondo-Alonso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nar. Genom. Bioinform."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201800204","article-title":"Transposons: the agents of antibiotic resistance in bacteria","volume":"58","author":"Babakhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004219","article-title":"Bacteriophages as vehicles for antibiotic resistance genes in the environment","volume":"10","author":"Balcazar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E306","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12186","article-title":"An antibiotic-resistant class 3 integron in an Enterobacter cloacae isolate from hospital effluent","volume":"19","author":"Barraud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.04.016","article-title":"Type IV-A3 CRISPR-Cas systems drive inter-plasmid conflicts by acquiring spacers in trans","volume":"32","author":"Benz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2762-2","article-title":"Prokaryotic viperins produce diverse antiviral molecules","volume":"589","author":"Bernheim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fnw002","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnw002","article-title":"Host receptors for bacteriophage adsorption","volume":"363","author":"Bertozzi Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231938","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1231938","article-title":"Integrons in the development of antimicrobial resistance: critical review and perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Bhat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02526","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02526-18","article-title":"Large-scale identification of AbaR-type genomic islands in Acinetobacter baumannii reveals diverse insertion sites and clonal lineage-specific antimicrobial resistance gene profiles","volume":"63","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp536","article-title":"QuickGO: a web-based tool for Gene Ontology searching","volume":"25","author":"Binns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70031","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.70031","article-title":"The TELCoMB protocol for high\u2010sensitivity detection of ARG\u2010MGE colocalizations in complex microbial communities","volume":"4","author":"Bravo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2015.01.001","article-title":"Transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes via phage-related mobile elements","volume":"79","author":"Brown-Jaque","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.001","article-title":"Plasmids and the spread of resistance","volume":"303","author":"Carattoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2018.12.001","article-title":"Contemporary IncI1 plasmids involved in the transmission and spread of antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"118","author":"Carattoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15081-7","article-title":"A megaplasmid family driving dissemination of multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas","volume":"11","author":"Cazares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01310-05","article-title":"New cluster of plasmid-located class 1 integrons in Vibrio cholerae O1 and a dfrA15 cassette-containing integron in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in Angola","volume":"50","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3067","article-title":"Breaking and joining single-stranded DNA: the HUH endonuclease superfamily","volume":"11","author":"Chandler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110319","article-title":"Class 1 integron carrying qacE\u03941 gene confers resistance to disinfectant and antibiotics in Salmonella","volume":"404","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/mlf2.12138","article-title":"Catalytically active prokaryotic Argonautes employ phospholipase D family proteins to strengthen immunity against different genetic invaders","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"mLife"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.06.014","article-title":"Prokaryotic Gabija complex senses and executes nucleotide depletion and DNA cleavage for antiviral defense","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24655","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24655","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: the challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace","volume":"36","author":"Chinemerem Nwobodo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0115781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115781","article-title":"A role for Tn 6029 in the evolution of the complex antibiotic resistance gene loci in genomic island 3 in enteroaggregative hemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104: H4","volume":"10","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.184.11.3017-3026.2002","article-title":"Characterization of the class 3 integron and the site-specific recombination system it determines","volume":"184","author":"Collis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00586-3","article-title":"Evaluating culture-free targeted next-generation sequencing for diagnosing drug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicentre clinical study of two end-to-end commercial workflows","volume":"25","author":"Colman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis. The."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw319","article-title":"Identification and analysis of integrons and cassette arrays in bacterial genomes","volume":"44","author":"Cury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic acids Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"lxae129","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxae129","article-title":"Effect of environmental factors on conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic settings","volume":"135","author":"Dadeh Amirfard","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.09.008","article-title":"The SMC-family Wadjet complex protects bacteria from plasmid transformation by recognition and cleavage of closed-circular DNA","volume":"82","author":"Deep","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro884","article-title":"Genomic islands in pathogenic and environmental microorganisms","volume":"2","author":"Dobrindt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108602","article-title":"Genomic island type IV secretion system and transposons in genomic islands involved in antimicrobial resistance in Trueperella pyogenes","volume":"242","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0905.020609","article-title":"Variant Salmonella genomic island 1 antibiotic resistance gene cluster in Salmonella enterica serovar Albany","volume":"9","author":"Doublet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.01.002","article-title":"CBASS phage defense and evolution of antiviral nucleotide signaling","volume":"74","author":"Duncan-Lowey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.10.022","article-title":"A bioinformatic analysis of integrative mobile genetic elements highlights their role in bacterial adaptation","volume":"27","author":"Durrant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00229","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer: from evolutionary flexibility to disease progression","volume":"8","author":"Emamalipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7515","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S428837","article-title":"Potential causes of spread of antimicrobial resistance and preventive measures in one health perspective-a review","volume":"16","author":"Endale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.9b00218","article-title":"Defensive function of transposable elements in bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91456-0","article-title":"AMRFinderPlus and the Reference Gene Catalog facilitate examination of the genomic links among antimicrobial resistance, stress response, and virulence","volume":"11","author":"Feldgarden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00223-21","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis phages transduce antimicrobial resistance plasmids and mobilize chromosomal islands","volume":"6","author":"Fi\u0161arov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"000748","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000748","article-title":"ResFinder\u2013an open online resource for identification of antimicrobial resistance genes in next-generation sequencing data and prediction of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"8","author":"Florensa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000073","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000073","article-title":"The diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae surface polysaccharides","volume":"2","author":"Follador","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020224","article-title":"Integron functionality and genome innovation: an update on the subtle and smart strategy of integrase and gene cassette expression regulation","volume":"10","author":"Fonseca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01817-2","article-title":"Phage transduction is involved in the intergeneric spread of antibiotic resistance-associated bla ctx-m, mel, and tetm loci in natural populations of some human and animal bacterial pathogens","volume":"77","author":"Gabashvili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D274","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1018","article-title":"COG database update: focus on microbial diversity, model organisms, and widespread pathogens","volume":"49","author":"Galperin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200462","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0462","article-title":"New perspectives on mobile genetic elements: a paradigm shift for managing the antibiotic resistance crisis","volume":"377","author":"Ghaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00056-13","article-title":"Integrons: past, present, and future","volume":"78","author":"Gillings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. R."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2023.06.010","article-title":"Prokaryotic Argonautes for in vivo biotechnology and molecular diagnostics","volume":"42","author":"Graver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7176\/JHMN\/75-07","article-title":"Presence of class I and class II integrons in methicilin resistant staphylococci and their relations with antibiotic resistance: a preliminary study from Turkey","volume":"75","author":"Gumus","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Health Med. Nurs."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0467","article-title":"The global prevalence of class 1 integron and associated antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from patients with urinary tract infections, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Halaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.08.001","article-title":"Antiphage small molecules produced by bacteria - beyond protein-mediated defenses","volume":"31","author":"Hardy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3001276","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001276","article-title":"Interplay between the cell envelope and mobile genetic elements shapes gene flow in populations of the nosocomial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"19","author":"Haudiquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210234","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0234","article-title":"Selfish, promiscuous and sometimes useful: how mobile genetic elements drive horizontal gene transfer in microbial populations","volume":"377","author":"Haudiquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010239","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance","volume":"7","author":"Hooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102282","article-title":"How do interactions between mobile genetic elements affect horizontal gene transfer?","volume":"73","author":"Horne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649969","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.649969","article-title":"BacAnt: a combination annotation server for bacterial DNA sequences to identify antibiotic resistance genes, integrons, and transposable elements","volume":"12","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15603.1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance prediction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from genome sequence data with Mykrobe","volume":"4","author":"Hunt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1057","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1113","article-title":"The Goa database: gene ontology annotation updates for 2015","volume":"43","author":"Huntley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-7646(03)00003-7","article-title":"Insights on antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus from its whole genome: genomic island SCC","volume":"6","author":"Ito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug resist. Updat."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01210","article-title":"Identification of novel genomic islands in Liverpool epidemic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using segmentation and clustering","volume":"7","author":"Jani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2023.12.010","article-title":"Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from vancomycin-susceptible enterococci in hospitalized patients under antimicrobial therapy","volume":"36","author":"Janice","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04546-y","article-title":"Two defence systems eliminate plasmids from seventh pandemic Vibrio cholerae","volume":"604","author":"Jask\u00f3lska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0656-9","article-title":"Chlorine disinfection promotes the exchange of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genera by natural transformation","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D353","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1092","article-title":"KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs","volume":"45","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02949","article-title":"Diversity and function of phage encoded depolymerases","volume":"10","author":"Knecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180087","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0087","article-title":"Origins and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems","volume":"374","author":"Koonin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124230","article-title":"New determinants of aminoglycoside resistance and their association with the class 1 integron gene cassettes in Trueperella pyogenes","volume":"21","author":"Kwiecie\u0144","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2315","article-title":"Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Labrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2018-0275","article-title":"Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in clinical environments","volume":"65","author":"Lerminiaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00633","article-title":"The role of plasmids in the multiple antibiotic resistance transfer in ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli isolated from wastewater treatment plants","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02114-4","article-title":"Genomic islands mediate environmental adaptation and the spread of antibiotic resistance in multiresistant Enterococci-evidence from genomic sequences","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37372","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37372","article-title":"SXT\/R391 integrative and conjugative elements in Proteus species reveal abundant genetic diversity and multidrug resistance","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D912","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1107","article-title":"VFDB 2022: a general classification scheme for bacterial virulence factors","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163781","article-title":"Low concentration quaternary ammonium compounds promoted antibiotic resistance gene transfer via plasmid conjugation","volume":"887","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab450","article-title":"Antimicrobial-induced horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria: a mini-review","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0406","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of gene cassettes from class 1 integrons in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2013.02.001","article-title":"Biology of the staphylococcal conjugative multiresistance plasmid pSK41","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814709","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.814709","article-title":"The cGAS-STING pathway in bacterial infection and bacterial immunity","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300352","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202300352","article-title":"The immune system of prokaryotes: potential applications and implications for gene editing","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36213","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36213","article-title":"PGAdb-builder: a web service tool for creating pan-genome allele database for molecular fine typing","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01431-z","article-title":"Application of different types of CRISPR\/Cas-based systems in bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq0534","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of plasmid elimination by the DdmDE defense system","volume":"385","author":"Loeff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-011620-040628","article-title":"Abortive infection: bacterial suicide as an antiviral immune strategy","volume":"7","author":"Lopatina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba0862","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba0862","article-title":"Clinically relevant mutations in core metabolic genes confer antibiotic resistance","volume":"371","author":"Lopatkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136621","article-title":"Triclosan at environmental concentrations can enhance the spread of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes through transformation","volume":"713","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S347119","article-title":"Distribution and molecular characterization of functional class 2 integrons in clinical Proteus mirabilis isolates","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29877-2","article-title":"Natural transformation allows transfer of SCC mec-mediated methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Maree","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094929","article-title":"Knowing our enemy in the antimicrobial resistance era: dissecting the molecular basis of bacterial defense systems","volume":"25","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112672","article-title":"A host of armor: prokaryotic immune strategies against mobile genetic elements","volume":"42","author":"Mayo-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00419-13","article-title":"The comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"57","author":"McArthur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.065","article-title":"Bacterial retrons function in anti-phage defense","volume":"183","author":"Millman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.09.017","article-title":"An expanded arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages","volume":"30","author":"Millman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124713","article-title":"CrAss-like phages are suitable indicators of antibiotic resistance genes found in abundance in fecally polluted samples","volume":"359","author":"Morales-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819286.ch17","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance","volume-title":"Virulence mechanisms of bacterial pathogen","author":"Munita","year":"2016"},{"key":"B96","volume-title":"The effects on human health of subtherapeutic use of antimicrobials in animal feeds","year":"1980"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux013","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae: a major worldwide source and shuttle for antibiotic resistance","volume":"41","author":"Navon-Venezia","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"lqae105","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqae105","article-title":"Distribution of specific prokaryotic immune systems correlates with host optimal growth temperature","volume":"6","author":"Olijslager","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nar. Genom. Bioinform."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10618","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku734","article-title":"The interplay of restriction-modification systems with mobile genetic elements and their prokaryotic hosts","volume":"42","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29530-y","article-title":"Factors associated with plasmid antibiotic resistance gene carriage revealed using large-scale multivariable analysis","volume":"13","author":"Orlek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00088","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00088-17","article-title":"Mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance","volume":"31","author":"Partridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01448-5","article-title":"Type I toxin-antitoxin systems contribute to the maintenance of mobile genetic elements in Clostridioides difficile","volume":"3","author":"Peltier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757365","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.757365","article-title":"Utilizing metagenomic data and Bioinformatic tools for elucidating antibiotic resistance genes in environment","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-71","article-title":"Escherichia coli genes affecting recipient ability in plasmid conjugation: are there any?","volume":"10","author":"P\u00e9rez-Mendoza","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC genom"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164708","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes in bacteriophages from wastewater treatment plant and hospital wastewaters","volume":"892","author":"Pires","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv071","article-title":"Transfer activation of SXT\/R391 integrative and conjugative elements: unraveling the SetCD regulon","volume":"43","author":"Poulin-Laprade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5332","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00809-12","article-title":"Identification of a novel genomic island conferring resistance to multiple aminoglycoside antibiotics in Campylobacter coli","volume":"56","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127159","article-title":"Toxin\u2013antitoxin systems: classification, biological roles, and applications","volume":"264","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.3.482","article-title":"An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Reygaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00197","article-title":"The role of integrons in antibiotic resistance gene capture","volume":"292","author":"Rowe-Magnus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx488","article-title":"Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"73","author":"Rozwandowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2020.48905.11208","article-title":"Integron and its role in antimicrobial resistance: a literature review on some bacterial pathogens. Iran","volume":"24","author":"Sabbagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"lxad137","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad137","article-title":"Integrons as the potential targets for combating multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae using CRISPR-Cas9 technique","volume":"134","author":"Shetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl Microbiol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00872-15","article-title":"Bacteriophages isolated from chicken meat and the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes","volume":"81","author":"Shousha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819217.ch26","article-title":"Everyman's guide to bacterial insertion sequences","volume-title":"Mobile DNA III","author":"Siguier","year":"2015"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D32","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj014","article-title":"ISfinder: the reference centre for bacterial insertion sequences","volume":"34","author":"Siguier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.06.003","article-title":"Inhibition of CRISPR-Cas systems by mobile genetic elements","volume":"37","author":"Sontheimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00273.x","article-title":"Gene flow, mobile genetic elements and the recruitment of antibiotic resistance genes into Gram-negative pathogens","volume":"35","author":"Stokes","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01158-0","article-title":"Bacteria deplete deoxynucleotides to defend against bacteriophage infection","volume":"7","author":"Tal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.50.6.1043","article-title":"Bacteriophage-induced mutation in Escherichia coli","volume":"50","author":"Taylor","year":"1963","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120761","article-title":"Candidate biomarkers of antibiotic resistance for the monitoring of wastewater and the downstream environment","volume":"247","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbs017","article-title":"Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV): high-performance genomics data visualization and exploration","volume":"14","author":"Thorvaldsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14408","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14408","article-title":"Microbial evolution through horizontal gene transfer by mobile genetic elements","volume":"17","author":"Tokuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01454-12","article-title":"Whole-genome analysis of a daptomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium strain and its daptomycin-resistant variant arising during therapy","volume":"57","author":"Tran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030595","article-title":"Salmonella prophages, their propagation, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance gene transduction","volume":"12","author":"Trofeit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2017.1303661","article-title":"The impact of insertion sequences on bacterial genome plasticity and adaptability","volume":"43","author":"Vandecraen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-021-00239-x","article-title":"The IS 6 family, a clinically important group of insertion sequences including IS 26","volume":"12","author":"Varani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mob. Dna"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00173","article-title":"Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in microbial ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer","volume":"7","author":"Von Wintersdorff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00761","article-title":"Targeting plasmids to limit acquisition and transmission of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"11","author":"Vrancianu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118960226.ch21","article-title":"Analysis of MALDI\u2010TOF MS spectra using the BioNumerics software","volume-title":"MALDI\u2010TOF and tandem MS for clinical microbiology","author":"Vranckx","year":"2017"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00334","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00334-19","article-title":"Intercellular transfer of chromosomal antimicrobial resistance genes between Acinetobacter baumannii strains mediated by prophages","volume":"63","author":"Wachino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.1.72-78.1994","article-title":"ToxR regulates virulence gene expression in non-O1 strains of Vibrio cholerae that cause epidemic cholera","volume":"62","author":"Waldor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985102","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.985102","article-title":"Class 1 integrons and multiple mobile genetic elements in clinical isolates of the Klebsiella pneumoniae complex from a tertiary hospital in eastern China","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.03.024","article-title":"Estimating the contribution of bacteriophage to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in pig feces","volume":"238","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0679-2","article-title":"Non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals enhance the transmission of exogenous antibiotic resistance genes through bacterial transformation","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-00945-7","article-title":"Non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals promote the transmission of multidrug resistance plasmids through intra-and intergenera conjugation","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-011420-075607","article-title":"Assembly of bacterial capsular polysaccharides and exopolysaccharides","volume":"74","author":"Whitfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01130-x","article-title":"A review of national action plans on antimicrobial resistance: strengths and weaknesses","volume":"11","author":"Willemsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152245","article-title":"Paclitaxel and its derivative facilitate the transmission of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance genes through conjugative transfer","volume":"810","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0566-7","article-title":"A conjugative plasmid that augments virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR11.1568","article-title":"Role of integrons in antimicrobial resistance: a review","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01239-0","article-title":"Short prokaryotic Argonautes provide defence against incoming mobile genetic elements through NAD+ depletion","volume":"7","author":"Zaremba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii155","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae398","article-title":"skandiver: a divergence-based analysis tool for identifying intercellular mobile genetic elements","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101813","article-title":"Microbial gasdermins: more than a billion years of pyroptotic-like cell death","volume":"69","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10311-5","article-title":"Investigation of integron classes 1, 2, and 3 among multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Iran: a multi-center study","volume":"24","author":"Zomorodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Systems Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsysb.2025.1557413\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T05:27:59Z","timestamp":1754630879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsysb.2025.1557413\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":146,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fsysb.2025.1557413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsysb.2025.1557413","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-0702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2674-0702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"article-number":"1557413"}}