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Syst. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis is a skeletal pathology characterized by decreased bone mass and structural deterioration resulting from an imbalance in bone metabolic processes. Estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women leads to an increased risk of osteoporosis, while women who have undergone complete oophorectomies display an even higher risk due to the sudden decrease in estrogen. Some evidence indicates that bone loss slows in the period beyond 15 years after surgery; however, there is substantial uncertainty in clinical data. To explore the effects of surgically induced menopausal transition, here we propose a mathematical model for the bone cell dynamical responses to sudden estrogen deficiency, which extends an existing model for osteoporosis due to aging and natural menopause. Using data on key effects observed in female mice and humans after bilateral oophorectomy, this new model considers the role of osteocytes embedded within the mineralized bone matrix in regulating bone remodeling, which results in net bone loss after surgical menopause. The model parameter values in natural and surgical menopause were estimated from aggregated human clinical data from existing longitudinal studies. The new model effectively captures the previously unmodeled increase in bone loss during the first 15 years post-surgical menopause and the rebound in bone mineral density in the long-term. With this model, effects of treatments on targeting osteocyte dynamics could be explored in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsysb.2026.1729027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T06:59:26Z","timestamp":1770793166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mathematical modeling of bone remodeling after surgical menopause"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico","place":["Albuquerque, NM, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwina F.","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]},{"name":"School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carley V.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Fischer-Holzhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESQlabs GmbH","place":["Saterland, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauryn","family":"Keeler Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC San Diego Health Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pritha","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo","place":["Waterloo, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Gholami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashlee N.","family":"Ford Versypt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5862.325","article-title":"Osteoporosis after oophorectomy for non-malignant disease in premenopausal women","volume":"2","author":"Aitken","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br. 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