{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:43:04Z","timestamp":1793468584155,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Syst. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Applied genomics in sports performance has rapidly evolved into a multidisciplinary field aimed at elucidating the biological determinants of complex athletic traits, particularly endurance. Endurance performance represents a highly polygenic and multifactorial phenotype, shaped by the dynamic interplay between genetic predisposition and training-induced adaptations. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of evidence from candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and meta-analyses to identify genetic variants consistently associated with endurance-related phenotypes. GWAS and candidate gene approaches have identified over 44 polymorphisms relevant to endurance-oriented sports, with\n                    <jats:italic>HFE<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs1799945 emerging as a strong predictor of endurance ability. Key variants, including\n                    <jats:italic>ACE<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs1799752,\n                    <jats:italic>CDKN1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs236448,\n                    <jats:italic>PPARGC1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs8192678, and\n                    <jats:italic>PPARA<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs4253778, are highlighted for their roles in modulating critical physiological pathways such as oxygen transport, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and muscle fiber composition. Beyond static genetic variation, this review emphasizes the pivotal contribution of epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. In particular, exercise-responsive microRNAs (miR-1, miR-206, miR-21, miR-146, miR-208, and miR-222) are discussed as key regulators of gene expression and molecular adaptation to endurance training. Although more than 200 genetic polymorphisms have been associated with athlete status, only a limited subset demonstrates consistent and replicated associations with endurance athlete status. This underscores the limitations of single-marker approaches and highlights the need for integrative frameworks that incorporate genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics. Advancing toward such multi-omics strategies is essential for a more comprehensive understanding of the biological architecture of endurance, and for the development of personalized training interventions aimed at optimizing performance and adaptation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsysb.2026.1858520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:50:05Z","timestamp":1790326205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Decoding endurance performance: integrative genomic and epigenetic insights into the molecular basis of athletic adaptation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Arij","family":"El Haddouchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biotechnology and Health, Mohammed VI Higher Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health (UM6SS)","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]},{"name":"Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Morocco - UM6SS","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]},{"name":"Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Marrouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Morocco - UM6SS","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]},{"name":"Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Drugs Science Research, Mohammed VI Faculty of Pharmacy, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health (UM6SS)","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souad","family":"Kartti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Morocco - UM6SS","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]},{"name":"Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmostafa","family":"El Fahime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Morocco - UM6SS","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]},{"name":"Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saber","family":"Boutayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Morocco - UM6SS","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]},{"name":"Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Younes","family":"Chagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Unit, Mohammed VI Foundation of Science and Health (FM6SS)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Baudot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Unit, Mohammed VI Foundation of Science and Health (FM6SS)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lahcen","family":"Belyamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Morocco - UM6SS","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]},{"name":"Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]},{"name":"Sports and Health Unit, Mohammed VI Foundation of Science and Health (FM6SS)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachid","family":"Eljaoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Morocco - UM6SS","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]},{"name":"Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]},{"name":"Sports and Health Unit, Mohammed VI Foundation of Science and Health (FM6SS)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]},{"name":"Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taoufiq","family":"Dakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Morocco - UM6SS","place":["Casablanca, Morocco"]},{"name":"Sports and Health Unit, Mohammed VI Foundation of Science and Health (FM6SS)","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0154-4","article-title":"PPARalpha gene variation and physical performance in Russian athletes","volume":"97","author":"Ahmetov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. 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