{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:46:06Z","timestamp":1790718366725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007114","name":"Ralph W. and Grace M. Showalter Research Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Toxicol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Neurological hazard assessment of industrial and pesticidal chemicals demands a substantial amount of time and resources.\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an established model organism in developmental biology and neuroscience. It presents an ideal test system with relatively fewer neurons (302 in hermaphrodites) versus higher-order species, a transparent body, short lifespan, making it easier to perform neurotoxic assessment in a time and cost-effective manner. Yet, no regulatory testing guidelines have been developed for\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the field of developmental and adult neurotoxicity. Here, we describe a set of morphological and behavioral assessment protocols to examine neurotoxicity in\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    with relevance to cholinergic and dopaminergic systems. We discuss the homology of human genes and associated proteins in these two signaling pathways and evaluate the morphological and behavioral endpoints of\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the context of published adverse outcome pathways of neurodegenerative diseases. We conclude that\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    neurotoxicity testing will not only be instrumental to eliminating mammalian testing in neurological hazard assessment but also lead to new knowledge and mechanistic validation in the adverse outcome pathway framework.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.826488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T03:30:46Z","timestamp":1647401446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Caenorhabditis elegans Neurotoxicity Testing: Novel Applications in the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Shreesh Raj","family":"Sammi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Jameson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendra D.","family":"Conrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell C. 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