{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:31:22Z","timestamp":1787988682221,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Toxicol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Prenatal exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are correlated with adverse behavioral outcomes, but the effects of combinations of these chemicals are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the dose-dependent effects of prenatal exposure to EDCs on male and female behavior.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were orally dosed with vehicle, bisphenol A (BPA) (5\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg body weight (BW)\/day), low-dose (LD) diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (5\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg BW\/day), high-dose (HD) DEHP (7.5\u00a0mg\/kg BW\/day), a combination of BPA and LD-DEHP (B + D (LD)), or a combination of BPA and HD-DEHP (B + D (HD)) on gestational days 6\u201321. Adult offspring were subjected to the Open Field Test (OFT), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and Shock Probe Defensive Burying test (SPDB) in adulthood. Body, adrenal gland, and pituitary gland weights were collected at sacrifice. Corticosterone (CORT) was measured in the serum.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Female EDC-exposed offspring showed anxiolytic effects in the OFT, while male offspring were unaffected. DEHP (HD) male offspring demonstrated a feminization of behavior in the EPM. Most EDC-exposed male offspring buried less in the SPDB, while their female counterparts showed reduced shock reactivity, indicating sex-specific maladaptive alterations in defensive behaviors. Additionally, DEHP (LD) males and females and B + D (LD) females displayed increased immobility in this test. DEHP (LD) alone and in combination with BPA led to lower adrenal gland weights, but only in male offspring. Finally, females treated with a mixture of B + D (HD) had elevated CORT levels.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Prenatal exposure to BPA, DEHP, or a mixture of the two, affects behavior, CORT levels, and adrenal gland weights in a sex- and dose-dependent manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2023.1264238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T05:16:07Z","timestamp":1702444567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and\/or diethylhexyl phthalate alters stress responses in rat offspring in a sex- and dose-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Amrita","family":"Kaimal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Hooversmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana D.","family":"Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian T.","family":"Garrity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam H.","family":"Al Mansi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Buechter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip V.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puliyur S.","family":"MohanKumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheba M. J.","family":"MohanKumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.03.022","article-title":"Object recognition testing: methodological considerations on exploration and discrimination measures","volume":"232","author":"Akkerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res,"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12388","article-title":"Bisphenol A: food exposure and impact on human health","volume":"17","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.05.004","article-title":"Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Altemus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-011-0430-z","article-title":"The novel object recognition memory: neurobiology, test procedure, and its modifications","volume":"13","author":"Antunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Process"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.02.010","article-title":"Phthalate and bisphenol A exposure among pregnant women in Canada--results from the MIREC study","volume":"68","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2008.04.001","article-title":"Effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on a spontaneous novel object recognition task in adult male rats","volume":"54","author":"Aubele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 Years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014","volume":"67","author":"Baio","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.025","article-title":"Transfer of bisphenol A across the human placenta","volume":"202","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.12.018","article-title":"Chronic estradiol treatment decreases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and monoamine levels in the amygdala--implications for behavioral disorders","volume":"261","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08274-6","article-title":"Histopathologic, apoptotic and autophagic, effects of prenatal bisphenol A and\/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on prepubertal rat testis","volume":"27","author":"Balci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy103","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to DEHP induces neuronal degeneration and neurobehavioral abnormalities in adult male mice","volume":"164","author":"Barakat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000358913","article-title":"Adipogenic effects of a combination of the endocrine-disrupting compounds bisphenol A, diethylhexylphthalate, and tributyltin","volume":"7","author":"Biemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq147","article-title":"Determination of the di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate NOAEL for reproductive development in the rat: importance of the retention of extra animals to adulthood","volume":"116","author":"Blystone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"267","article-title":"Limbic-midbrain mechanisms and behavioral physiology interactions with CRF, ACTH and adrenal hormones","volume-title":"Neurobiological approaches to human disease","author":"Bohus","year":"1987"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.11.015","article-title":"Noradrenergic facilitation of shock-probe defensive burying in lateral septum of rats, and modulation by chronic treatment with desipramine","volume":"31","author":"Bondi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.12.003","article-title":"Concurrent administration of diethylhexyl phthalate reduces the threshold dose at which bisphenol A disrupts blastocyst implantation and cadherins in mice","volume":"49","author":"Borman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.05.034","article-title":"Caffeine prevents disruption of memory consolidation in the inhibitory avoidance and novel object recognition tasks by scopolamine in adult mice","volume":"214","author":"Botton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.01.006","article-title":"Antiandrogenic effect of perinatal exposure to the endocrine disruptor di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate increases anxiety-like behavior in male rats during sexual maturation","volume":"63","author":"Carbone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20147","article-title":"NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A","volume":"83","author":"Chapin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.05.010","article-title":"Sex differences in the adult HPA axis and affective behaviors are altered by perinatal exposure to a low dose of bisphenol A","volume":"1571","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/s0149-7634(01)00011-2","article-title":"A detailed ethological analysis of the mouse open field test: effects of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field","volume":"25","author":"Choleris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105870","article-title":"Grouping of endocrine disrupting chemicals for mixture risk assessment - evidence from a rat study","volume":"142","author":"Christiansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2010.04.005","article-title":"Low-dose perinatal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces anti-androgenic effects in male rats","volume":"30","author":"Christiansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128307","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of Bisphenol A and Diethylhexyl Phthalate on gestational outcomes and offspring development in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"263","author":"Dagher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.03.008","article-title":"Effects of uterine and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on spatial memory and NMDA receptor of hippocampus in mice","volume":"71","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(88)90157-x","article-title":"A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. 1: behavioral data","volume":"31","author":"Ennaceur","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Integrated risk information system (IRIS) chemical assessment summary: di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP); CASRN 117-81-71987"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Bisphenol A action plan (casrn 80-05-7)2010"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-6183-8","article-title":"Leaching of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from plastic containers and the question of human exposure","volume":"98","author":"Erythropel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10813","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02372","article-title":"Phthalate and BPA exposure in women and newborns through personal care product use and food packaging","volume":"53","author":"Fisher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2998","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2998","article-title":"Shock-probe defensive burying test to measure active versus passive coping style in response to an aversive stimulus in rats","volume":"8","author":"Fucich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio Protoc."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0635-17.2017","article-title":"Activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex is necessary for the therapeutic effects of extinction in rats","volume":"38","author":"Fucich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112160","article-title":"Galanin administration into the prelimbic cortex impairs consolidation and expression of contextual fear conditioning","volume":"375","author":"Hooversmith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408300208","article-title":"Biting suppresses stress-induced expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the rat hypothalamus","volume":"83","author":"Hori","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450119666180514122244","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemical induced \"pollution of metabolic pathways\": a case of shifting paradigms with implications for vascular diseases","volume":"19","author":"Janardhanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509870","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to phthalates and anogenital distance in male infants from a low-exposed Danish cohort (2010-2012)","volume":"124","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.02.011","article-title":"Perinatal BPA exposure demasculinizes males in measures of affect but has no effect on water maze learning in adulthood","volume":"61","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/s1734-1140(13)71524-x","article-title":"Impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on neural development and the onset of neurological disorders","volume":"65","author":"Kajta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.06.009","article-title":"Human exposure to bisphenol A","volume":"226","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163134","article-title":"Estimates of biomass reductions of ozone sensitive herbaceous plants in California","volume":"878","author":"Kaylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/s0149-7634(99)00026-3","article-title":"Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology","volume":"23","author":"Koolhaas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9956","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214056110","article-title":"Sex-specific epigenetic disruption and behavioral changes following low-dose in utero bisphenol A exposure","volume":"110","author":"Kundakovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.04.001","article-title":"Low-dose pollutant mixture triggers metabolic disturbances in female mice leading to common and specific features as compared to a high-fat diet","volume":"45","author":"Labaronne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2008.20","article-title":"Bisphenol A (BPA) daily intakes in the United States: estimates from the 2003-2004 NHANES urinary BPA data","volume":"18","author":"Lakind","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01772.x","article-title":"Behavioural assays to model cognitive and affective dimensions of depression and anxiety in rats","volume":"20","author":"Lapiz-Bluhm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13696","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121113696","article-title":"In utero exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate affects rat brain development: a behavioral and genomic approach","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2011.632708","article-title":"The relationship among young adult college students' depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles","volume":"33","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21137","article-title":"The effect of maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals on fetal and neonatal development: a review on the major concerns","volume":"108","author":"Mallozzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.089920","article-title":"In utero exposure to the antiandrogen di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate decreases adrenal aldosterone production in the adult rat","volume":"85","author":"Martinez-Arguelles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R169","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-18-0116","article-title":"Chronic estradiol exposure - harmful effects on behavior, cardiovascular and reproductive functions","volume":"156","author":"Mohankumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109229","article-title":"Abnormalities of sexual development in male rats with in utero and lactational exposure to the antiandrogenic plasticizer Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate","volume":"109","author":"Moore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01051.x","article-title":"Hypothesis: exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may interfere with timing of puberty","volume":"33","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106025","article-title":"Maternal phthalate exposure associated with decreased testosterone\/LH ratio in male offspring during mini-puberty. Odense Child Cohort","volume":"144","author":"Muerkoster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-4328(01)00444-2","article-title":"Dissociation in retrograde memory for object discriminations and object recognition in rats with perirhinal cortex damage","volume":"132","author":"Mumby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2015.06.002","article-title":"Bisphenol A: human exposure and neurobehavior","volume":"49","author":"Mustieles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-231670","article-title":"Low-dose food contaminants trigger sex-specific, hepatic metabolic changes in the progeny of obese mice","volume":"27","author":"Naville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000118417","article-title":"Effect of an anti-anxiety drug in a learned helplessness experiment","volume":"18","author":"Nijssen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.12.006","article-title":"Effects of appraisal and coping on the neuroendocrine response to extreme stress","volume":"29","author":"Olff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz029","article-title":"Dietary predictors of phthalate and bisphenol exposures in pregnant women","volume":"10","author":"Pacyga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0416","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to low-dose bisphenol A affects the neuroendocrine stress response in rats","volume":"220","author":"Panagiotidou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.02.051","article-title":"Corticosterone-regulated actions in the rat brain are affected by perinatal exposure to low dose of bisphenol A","volume":"167","author":"Poimenova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1210\/EN.2015-1326","article-title":"Transgenerational effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on stress hormones and behavior","volume":"156","author":"Quinnies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171977","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171977","article-title":"Direct and transgenerational effects of low doses of perinatal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on social behaviors in mice","volume":"12","author":"Quinnies","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.07.005","article-title":"Animal models of anxiety: do I need multiple tests?","volume":"29","author":"Ramos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2009.11.011","article-title":"Sex and age differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnoses: implications for DSM-V and ICD-11","volume":"49","author":"Ramtekkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750368","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1750368","article-title":"Toxic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate: an overview","volume":"2018","author":"Rowdhwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112670","article-title":"Sex differences in anxiety-like behaviors in rats","volume":"211","author":"Scholl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001","article-title":"Voluntary exercise offers anxiolytic potential and amplifies galanin gene expression in the locus coeruleus of the rat","volume":"233","author":"Sciolino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52434","DOI":"10.3791\/52434","article-title":"Use of the Open Field Maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice","author":"Seibenhener","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy276","article-title":"Recovery from a myocardial infarction is impaired in male C57bl\/6 N mice acutely exposed to the bisphenols and phthalates that escape from medical devices used in cardiac surgery","volume":"168","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B71","article-title":"NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)","volume-title":"Ntp cerhr Mon","author":"Shelby","year":"2006"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.02.024","article-title":"Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on the male and female reproductive systems","volume":"51","author":"Sifakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.015","article-title":"Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel alter cognition and anxiety in rats concurrent with a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the locus coeruleus and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the hippocampus","volume":"62","author":"Simone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600640819","article-title":"Maternal-fetal transfer of 14C-di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and 14C-diethyl phthalate in rats","volume":"64","author":"Singh","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143948","article-title":"The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: implications for prevention and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Southwick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105585","article-title":"Human amniotic fluid-based exposure levels of phthalates and bisphenol A mixture reduce INSL3\/RXFP2 signaling","volume":"138","author":"Suteau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-5-2503","article-title":"Variations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to stress during the estrous cycle in the rat","volume":"129","author":"Viau","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.20220","article-title":"Differential effects of flutamide and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on male reproductive organs in a rat model","volume":"55","author":"Vo","year":"","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-104","article-title":"Di-(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate and flutamide alter gene expression in the testis of immature male rats","volume":"7","author":"Vo","year":"","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.01.012","article-title":"Effects of early pubertal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on social behavior of mice","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.10.056","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate affects anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice","volume":"124","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftox.2023.1264238\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T05:16:13Z","timestamp":1702444573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftox.2023.1264238\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ftox.2023.1264238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftox.2023.1264238","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"article-number":"1264238"}}