{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:27:04Z","timestamp":1790872024312,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Toxicol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have increasingly been found in the environment. Until recently, most MPs\/NPs toxicological research has been done in aquatic systems resulting in a gap in knowledge regarding terrestrial systems. Plastics have been shown to enter the circulatory system of humans, and can accumulate within organs, little is known about the effect this has on health. Heart disease is the leading cause of death globally, so it\u2019s critical to understand the possible impacts MPs\/NPs have on the heart. The <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> model has been growing in popularity within the toxicology field, it allows for affordable and rapid research on the impacts of a variety of toxins, including plastics. Some research has examined toxicological effects of plastics on the fly, evaluating the effects on mortality, fecundity, development, and locomotion. However, no one has studied the effects on the <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> heart. We utilize the <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> model to identify the potential effects of oral exposure to polystyrene MPs (1\u00a0\u00b5m in diameter) and NPs (0.05\u00a0\u00b5m in diameter) particles on heart function. Flies were exposed to 1.4 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup> particles\/d\/kg of larvae for MPs and 1.2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup> particles\/d\/kg of larvae for NPs from egg to pupal eclosion. Heart function was then analyzed utilizing semi-intact dissections and Semi-automatic Optic Heartbeat Analysis software (SOHA). Following exposure to MPs and NPs we see sexually dimorphic changes to heart size and function. This study highlights the importance of additional <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> MPs\/NPs research to identify the molecular mechanisms behind these changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2024.1438061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T05:10:30Z","timestamp":1723785030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The heart of plastic: utilizing the Drosophila model to investigate the effects of micro\/nanoplastics on heart function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Hohman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Sorensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"McNeill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.10.014","article-title":"Direct comparison between in vivo and in vitro microsized particle phagocytosis assays in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"46","author":"Adolfsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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