{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:30:45Z","timestamp":1790379045886,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Toxicol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro full-thickness human skin (FT-Skin) models are important tools for testing of cosmetics and chemicals, screening of new pharmaceuticals, and human disease modeling research. However, these skin models commonly utilize animal-derived collagen as a main structural element of the stromal matrix. Animal-derived collagen constructs suffer from stability and contraction issues, resulting in short lifespan and poor reproducibility. Additionally, culture media utilized to produce these models commonly contain undesirable animal-derived components including fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine pituitary extract (BPE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address these shortcomings, FT-Skin models were developed without animal-derived collagen by using electrospun scaffolds as a structural component of the stromal constructs, together with FBS- and BPE-free culture media formulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These novel culture protocols and media formulations produced well-developed FT-Skin models with improved lifespan and barrier properties. Protocol transferability, and intra- and inter-lot reproducibility of the FT-Skin models were demonstrated by testing in 2 independent laboratories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These next-generation FT-Skin models offer opportunities for completely animal-product-free testing of cosmetics and chemicals, screening of new pharmaceuticals and more human-relevant modeling of skin diseases. The electrospun scaffolds and basic processes for development of animal-free subepithelial stromal constructs are also anticipated to be adaptable to the development of additional epithelial tissue models such as ocular, airway and intestine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2026.1639389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:10:18Z","timestamp":1778623818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Next-generation full-thickness human skin models produced using 3D electrospun scaffolds and animal-component-free culture media"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSurfaces, Inc.","place":["Ashland, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayashree","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSurfaces, Inc.","place":["Ashland, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayan K.","family":"Hodroj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSurfaces, Inc.","place":["Ashland, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sar R.","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Facility, Harvard University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSurfaces, Inc.","place":["Ashland, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob T.","family":"Le Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSurfaces, Inc.","place":["Ashland, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin Tzu","family":"Keng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc.","place":["Gaithersburg, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc.","place":["Gaithersburg, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger P.","family":"Behrsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc.","place":["Gaithersburg, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Phaneuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSurfaces, Inc.","place":["Ashland, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2001.5387","article-title":"Importance of balance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation in basement membrane formation","volume":"271","author":"Amano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Research"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-022-03698-7","article-title":"Platelet lysate can support the development of a 3D-engineered skin for clinical application","volume":"391","author":"Banakh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Research"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-009-0069-z","article-title":"Matricellular proteins: an overview","volume":"3","author":"Bornstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Communication Signaling"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12363678","article-title":"Lipid supplemented medium induces lamellar bodies and precursors of barrier lipids in cultured analogues of human skin","volume":"101","author":"Boyce","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179784","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/179784","article-title":"Skin basement membrane: the foundation of epidermal integrity--BM functions and diverse roles of bridging molecules nidogen and Perlecan","volume":"2013","author":"Breitkreutz","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2012-0072","article-title":"Development and characterization of a clinically compliant xeno-free culture medium in good manufacturing practice for human multipotent mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"1","author":"Chase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Translational Medicine"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13550","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13550","article-title":"Tissue engineering strategies to bioengineer the ageing skin phenotype in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Costello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.03.009","article-title":"In vitro 3-D model based on extending time of culture for studying chonological epidermis aging","volume":"47","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biology Journal Int. Soc. Matrix Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23549.x","article-title":"Basement membrane reconstruction in human skin equivalents is regulated by fibroblasts and\/or exogenously activated keratinocytes","volume":"124","author":"El Ghalbzouri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2013.11.007","article-title":"Role of lipids in the formation and maintenance of the cutaneous permeability barrier","volume":"1841","author":"Feingold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimica biophysica acta"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.448","article-title":"Establishment of 3D organotypic cultures using human neonatal epidermal cells","volume":"2","author":"Gangatirkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protocols"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314757","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202314757","article-title":"First advanced bilayered scaffolds for tailored skin tissue engineering produced via electrospinning and melt electrowriting. M","volume":"34","author":"Girard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-2019-1","article-title":"Epidermal barrier disorders and corneodesmosome defects","volume":"360","author":"Haftek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Research"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041380103","article-title":"L-2-phospho-L-2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate stimulates collagen accumulation, cell proliferation, and formation of a thee-dimensional tissuelike substance by skin fibroblasts","volume":"138","author":"Hata","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cellular Physiology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.07.021","article-title":"Microvesicating effects of sulfur mustard on an in vitro human skin model","volume":"23","author":"Hayden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro An International Journal Published Association BIBRA"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119053248.ch12","article-title":"Predicting organ toxicity in vitro: dermal toxicity","volume-title":"Drug discovery toxicology: from target assessment to translational biomarkers","author":"Hayden","year":"2016"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.05.006","article-title":"The extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-\u03b21: tale of a strained relationship","volume":"47","author":"Hinz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biology Journal Int. Soc. Matrix Biol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02879-z","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a novel xeno-free culture medium for human-induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"13","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Research and Therapy"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.02.027","article-title":"Dermal extracellular matrix molecules in skin development, homeostasis, wound regeneration and diseases","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seminars Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122123","article-title":"An electrospun macrodevice for durable encapsulation of human cells with consistent secretion of therapeutic antibodies","volume":"298","author":"Imaichi-Kobayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.04.004","article-title":"Influence of epidermal basement membrane integrity on cutaneous permeability barrier function","volume":"91","author":"Iriyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatological Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13876","article-title":"1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolidinone, a heparanase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, improves epidermal basement membrane structure and epidermal barrier function","volume":"28","author":"Iriyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Experimental dermatology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-2037-z","article-title":"The biology and regulation of corneodesmosomes","volume":"360","author":"Ishida-Yamamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Research"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/s0039-9140(97)00017-9","article-title":"A highly water-soluble disulfonated tetrazolium salt as a chomogenic indicator for NADH as well as cell viability","volume":"44","author":"Ishiyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-023-00621-1","article-title":"Reconstructed human skin with hypodermis shows essential role of adipose tissue in skin metabolism","volume":"21","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Engineering Regenerative Medicine"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201903124","article-title":"\u03b1-Integrins dictate distinct modes of type IV collagen recruitment to basement membranes","volume":"218","author":"Jayadev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Biology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030745","article-title":"Electrospun fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering: viewpoints on architecture and fabrication","volume":"19","author":"Jun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Journal Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2020_417","article-title":"Standardised reconstructed skin models in toxicology and pharmacology: state of the art and future development","volume":"265","author":"Kandarova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Handb. Experimental Pharmacology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30772-4","article-title":"Evaluation of platelet lysate as a substitute for FBS in explant and enzymatic isolation methods of human umbilical cord MSCs","volume":"8","author":"Kandoi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Reports"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040918","article-title":"Human platelet lysate can replace fetal calf serum as a protein source to promote expansion and osteogenic differentiation of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"9","author":"Karadjian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201600360","article-title":"Interactions of donor sources and media influence the histo-morphological quality of full-thickness skin models","volume":"11","author":"Lange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Journal"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597884","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1597884","article-title":"Epidermal lamellar bodies, essential organelles for the skin barrier","volume":"13","author":"Leprince","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell Developmental Biology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12470386","article-title":"Presence of intact intercellular lipid lamellae in the upper layers of the stratum corneum","volume":"88","author":"Madison","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12465212","article-title":"Barrier function of human keratinocyte cultures grown at the air-liquid interface","volume":"96","author":"Mak","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85742-0","article-title":"Identification of extracellular matrix proteins secreted by human dermal fibroblasts cultured in 3D electrospun scaffolds","volume":"11","author":"Malakpour-Permlid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Reports"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a027920","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a027920","article-title":"Laminins in epithelial cell polarization: old questions in search of new answers","volume":"9","author":"Matlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspectives Biology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-999-0081-x","article-title":"Characterization of a new tissue-engineered human skin equivalent with hair","volume":"35","author":"Michel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology. Animal"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Test no. 439: in vitro skin irritation: reconstructed human epidermis test method, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 4","year":"2025"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2025.103781","article-title":"Protocol for the use of oredsson universal replacement medium for cell banking and routine culturing of monolayer and suspension cultures","volume":"6","author":"Oredsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Star. Protocols"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020466","article-title":"Chemically defined Xeno- and serum-free cell culture medium to grow human adipose stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Panella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14070363","article-title":"Collagen and beyond: a comprehensive comparison of human ECM properties derived from various tissue sources for regenerative medicine applications","volume":"14","author":"Patrawalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Functional Biomaterials"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12336024","article-title":"The formation of competent barrier lipids in reconstructed human epidermis requires the presence of vitamin C","volume":"109","author":"Ponec","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010246","article-title":"A defined and xeno-free culture method enabling the establishment of clinical-grade human embryonic, induced pluripotent and adipose stem cells","volume":"5","author":"Rajala","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.2011.4.305","article-title":"Alternatives to the use of fetal bovine serum: human platelet lysates as a serum substitute in cell culture media","volume":"28","author":"Rauch","year":"2011","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12555510","article-title":"Terminal epidermal differentiation of human keratinocytes grown in chemically defined medium on inert filter substrates at the air-liquid interface","volume":"95","author":"Rosdy","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/62125","article-title":"Generation of self-assembled vascularized human skin equivalents","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Visualized Experiments JoVE"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107223","article-title":"A review of strategies for improving the mechanical properties of 3D bioprinted skin grafts","volume":"173","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mechanical Behavior Biomedical Materials"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.122.2.417","article-title":"Mutual induction of growth factor gene expression by epidermal-dermal cell interaction","volume":"122","author":"Smola","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jidsymp.5650015","article-title":"Epidermal homeostasis in long-term scaffold-enforced skin equivalents","volume":"11","author":"Stark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEC.2014.0065","article-title":"Lowered humidity produces human epidermal equivalents with enhanced barrier properties","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Engineering. Part C. Methods"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.09.068","article-title":"Design of hydrogel-based scaffolds for in vitro thee-dimensional human skin model reconstruction","volume":"153","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2025.103658","article-title":"Protocol to reconstruct an in vitro 3D full-thickness skin equivalent model with collagen I in 6- and 12-well inserts","volume":"6","author":"Tham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Star. Protocols"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0561","article-title":"Extracellular matrix and dermal fibroblast function in the healing wound","volume":"5","author":"Tracy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/surfaces8010007","article-title":"Electrospinning for biomedical applications: an overview of material fabrication techniques","volume":"8","author":"Tsareva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surfaces"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.1996.1070664.x","article-title":"The use of vibratome sections for the ruthenium tetroxide protocol: a key for optimal visualization of epidermal lipid bilayers of the entire human stratum corneum in transmission electron microscopy","volume":"184","author":"van der Meulen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Microscopy"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1705101","article-title":"Fetal bovine serum (FBS): past - present - future","volume":"35","author":"van der Valk","year":"2018","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEA.2013.0160","article-title":"Superficial dermal fibroblasts enhance basement membrane and epidermal barrier formation in tissue-engineered skin: implications for treatment of skin basement membrane disorders","volume":"20","author":"Varkey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Engineering. Part A"},{"key":"B72","unstructured":"In vitro characterisation of small diameter vascular graft: testing of different geometrical organisation for the growth of the tunica media\/muscular layer MSc stem cells and regeneration\n          \n          \n            \n              Wagay\n              D. G. S.\n            \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B73","unstructured":"Principle of electrospinning system\n          \n          \n            \n              Wagay\n              D.\n            \n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a005124","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a005124","article-title":"Cell-extracellular matrix interactions in normal and diseased skin","volume":"3","author":"Watt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspectives Biology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.2012141","article-title":"Replacing fetal bovine serum (FBS) in research and testing","volume":"38","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2024.102592","article-title":"Preparation of a universally usable, animal product free, defined medium for 2D and 3D culturing of normal and cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612903","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2025.1612903","article-title":"Fetal bovine serum: how to leave it behind in the pursuit of more reliable science","volume":"7","author":"Weber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Toxicology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2106780","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202106780","article-title":"Fully synthetic 3D fibrous scaffolds for stromal tissues-replacement of animal-derived scaffold materials demonstrated by multilayered skin","volume":"34","author":"Weigel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Materials Deerf. Beach, Fla."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700786","article-title":"Keratinocyte-fibroblast interactions in wound healing","volume":"127","author":"Werner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfad093","article-title":"The frontline of alternatives to animal testing: novel in vitro skin model application in drug development and evaluation","volume":"196","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sciences An Official Journal Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.210161gs","article-title":"Keratinocyte differentiation and proteolytic pathways in skin (patho) physiology","volume":"66","author":"Zingkou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Journal Developmental Biology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEC.2021.0069","article-title":"Pigmented full-thickness human skin model based on a fibroblast-derived matrix for long-term studies","volume":"27","author":"Zoio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Engineering. Part C. Methods"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftox.2026.1639389\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:10:33Z","timestamp":1778623833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftox.2026.1639389\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ftox.2026.1639389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftox.2026.1639389","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"article-number":"1639389"}}