{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T23:08:32Z","timestamp":1774307312085,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Toxicol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microplastics (MPs) pollution represents an increasing worldwide problem and a real global challenge for human health, which also affects unborn children. Specifically, during their degradation, they can release a broad range of toxic and hormonally active agents, such as plasticizers. Thus, microplastics alone are pernicious, but they often also carry other harmful chemicals and even problematic bacteria on their surface and within their structure (heavy metals, pesticides, parabens, etc.), which amplifies their toxic potential. Due to their induction of oxidative damage, inflammation, mitochondrial apoptosis, and microbiota dysbiosis, and more, microplastics act as neurotoxic agents. Periods particularly sensitive to this neurotoxicity include fetal development and childhood, during which microplastics can negatively affect proper neuronal development. When expecting mothers are exposed, microplastics can cross the placenta barrier, reach the developing embryo, and accumulate in its organs. During fetal development, even minor interferences in neuronal migration can result in deficient neuronal innervation in the gut, potentially leading to congenital enteric neuropathy. Although an accurate estimation of human exposure is still pending, this may produce serious intestinal motility disorders and compromise the long-term quality of life of newborns. In this review, we analyze how microplastic neurotoxicity could be an aggravating factor in the development of congenital enteric aganglionosis and, consequently, postnatal motility disorders. Finally, we propose reducing pregnant women\u2019s exposure to microplastics as an important preventive measure to protect the fetus from neurotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2026.1756622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:10:12Z","timestamp":1774303812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microplastics and neurotoxicity: could prenatal exposure to microplastics boost congenital enteric neuropathies?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rasul","family":"Khasanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg","place":["Mannheim, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Boettcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg","place":["Mannheim, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas M.","family":"Wessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg","place":["Mannheim, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl-Herbert","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Working Group Enteric Nervous Systems (AGENS), University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Zweibr\u00fccken","place":["Kaiserslautern, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Tapia-Laliena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg","place":["Mannheim, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140255","article-title":"Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) microplastics and nanoplastics induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and genotoxicity in human intestinal cells","volume":"499","author":"Abass","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23410-6","article-title":"An advanced human in vitro co-culture model for translocation studies across the placental barrier","volume":"8","author":"Aengenheister","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139595","article-title":"Quality-by-design and current good practices for the production of test and reference materials for micro- and nano-plastic research","volume":"497","author":"Altmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129439","article-title":"First evidence of microplastics isolated in European citizens\u2019 lower airway","volume":"438","author":"Baeza-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142424","article-title":"A review on micro- and nanoplastics in humans: implication for their translocation of barriers and potential health effects","volume":"361","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143736","article-title":"Teabag-derived micro\/nanoplastics (true-to-life MNPLs) as a surrogate for real-life exposure scenarios","volume":"368","author":"Banaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186724","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1186724","article-title":"Could probiotics protect against human toxicity caused by polystyrene nanoplastics and microplastics?","volume":"10","author":"Bazeli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681776","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1681776","article-title":"Impact of micro- and nanoplastics exposure on human health: focus on neurological effects from ingestion","volume":"13","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.344606","article-title":"Identification of micro-\/nanoplastics in human placental blood using comprehensive multidimensional pyrolysis - gas chromatography x ion mobility mass spectrometry","volume":"1376","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8832","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238832","article-title":"Assessment of human health risks posed by nano-and microplastics is currently not feasible","volume":"17","author":"Brachner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01193-2","article-title":"Lead increases tetrodotoxin-insensitive spontaneous release of glutamate and GABA from hippocampal neurons","volume":"826","author":"Braga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070921","article-title":"Detection of microplastic in human placenta and meconium in a clinical setting","volume":"13","author":"Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041212","article-title":"A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health","volume":"17","author":"Campanale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04046-2","article-title":"Reply to: challenges in studying microplastics in human brain","volume":"31","author":"Campen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2025.100600","article-title":"An integrated approach to assess exposure and early health effects in human populations exposed to micro- and nanoplastics","volume":"40","author":"Catal\u00e1n","year":"2025","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115583","article-title":"Use of personal care products during pregnancy and birth outcomes \u2013 a pilot study","volume":"225","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135527","article-title":"Placental and fetal enrichment of microplastics from disposable paper cups: implications for metabolic and reproductive health during pregnancy","volume":"478","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33380","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.268409","article-title":"Enhanced autophagy from chronic toxicity of iron and mutant A53T \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"286","author":"Chew","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01517","article-title":"Human consumption of microplastics","volume":"53","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4576","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214576","article-title":"Plastics and microplastic in the cosmetic industry: aggregating sustainable actions aimed at alignment and interaction with UN sustainable development goals","volume":"14","author":"Cubas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. (Basel)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46687","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46687","article-title":"Tissue accumulation of microplastics in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.02.014","article-title":"Can oxybenzone cause Hirschsprung\u2019s disease?","volume":"86","author":"DiNardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901798","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.901798","article-title":"Developmental and reproductive toxic effects of exposure to microplastics: a review of associated signaling pathways","volume":"4","author":"Dubey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Toxicol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63176","DOI":"10.2196\/63176","article-title":"Investigating exposure and hazards of Micro- and nanoplastics during pregnancy and early life (AURORA project): protocol for an interdisciplinary study","volume":"13","author":"Durkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09998-6","article-title":"Atmospheric microplastic emissions from land and ocean","volume":"649","author":"Evangelou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112247","article-title":"Microplastics in fillets of Mediterranean seafood. A risk assessment study","volume":"204","author":"Ferrante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130383","article-title":"Exposure to polyethylene microplastics alters immature gut microbiome in an infant in vitro gut model","volume":"443","author":"Fournier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.273","article-title":"Prenatal co-exposure to neurotoxic metals and neurodevelopment in preschool children: the environment and childhood (INMA) project","volume":"621","author":"Freire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.12.014","article-title":"Placental metal concentrations and birth outcomes: the environment and childhood (INMA) project","volume":"222","author":"Freire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142268","article-title":"Oral exposure to microplastics affects the neurochemical plasticity of reactive neurons in the Porcine Jejunum","volume":"16","author":"Ga\u0142\u0119cka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095283","article-title":"Occurrence of microplastics in tap and bottled water: current knowledge","volume":"19","author":"Gambino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.11.017","article-title":"Risk assessment for migration of styrene oligomers into food from polystyrene food containers","volume":"124","author":"Gelbke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1700782","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.007","article-title":"Microplastics in cosmetics: environmental issues and needs for global bans","volume":"68","author":"Guerranti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143462","article-title":"Sorption of PFOS onto polystyrene microplastics potentiates synergistic toxic effects during zebrafish embryogenesis and neurodevelopment","volume":"366","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c01628","article-title":"Long-term exposure to real-life polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics induces carcinogenesis in vitro","volume":"59","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI85003","article-title":"Hirschsprung\u2019s disease, down syndrome, and missing heritability: too much collagen slows migration","volume":"125","author":"Heuckeroth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investigation"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.149","article-title":"Hirschsprung disease\u2014integrating basic science and clinical medicine to improve outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Heuckeroth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.03.017","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions and the enteric nervous system: neural plasticity and Hirschsprung disease prevention","volume":"417","author":"Heuckeroth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.10.002","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics disturb maternal-fetal immune balance and cause reproductive toxicity in pregnant mice","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.09.019","article-title":"The relationship between prenatal exposure to BP-3 and Hirschsprung\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150437","article-title":"Concentrations of bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones in human breast milk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"806","author":"Iribarne-Dur\u00e1n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EM00644A","article-title":"Brewing plastics: OCT reveals microplastic release from nylon tea bags in simulated brewed tea infusions","volume":"28","author":"Jayasekara","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133289","article-title":"Nanoplastics exacerbate Parkinson\u2019s disease symptoms in C. elegans and human cells","volume":"465","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.088","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish","volume":"235","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.353","article-title":"Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on the gut barrier, microbiota and metabolism of mice","volume":"649","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14080984","article-title":"Use of cosmetics in pregnancy and neurotoxicity: can it increase the risk of congenital enteric neuropathies?","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124409","article-title":"From macroplastics to microplastics: role of water in the fragmentation of polyethylene","volume":"236","author":"Julienne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2657-6249","article-title":"Microplastics and the placenta: a call to action for perinatal research","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101265","article-title":"Wear and tear of tyres: a stealthy source of microplastics in the environment","volume":"14","author":"Kole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-024-02422-y","article-title":"Microbial succession on microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: exploring the complexities of microplastic-microbiome interactions","volume":"87","author":"Kwiatkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00452.2012","article-title":"Enteric nervous system development: migration, differentiation, and disease","volume":"305","author":"Lake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastroint. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.141026","article-title":"Microbiota-mediated metabolic perturbations in the gut and brain of mice after microplastic exposure","volume":"350","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14202-1","article-title":"Maternal paraben exposure triggers childhood overweight development","volume":"11","author":"Leppert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44546-z","article-title":"Maternal cosmetics use during pregnancy and risks of adverse outcomes: a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125492","article-title":"Polyethylene microplastics affect the distribution of gut microbiota and inflammation development in mice","volume":"244","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158699","article-title":"Detection of various microplastics in placentas, meconium, infant feces, breastmilk and infant formula: a pilot prospective study","volume":"854","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90189-0","article-title":"Long-term total parenteral nutrition-induced hepatobiliary dysfunction in a rabbit model","volume":"33","author":"Loff","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830050643","article-title":"Parenteral nutrition-induced hepatobiliary dysfunction in infants and prepubertal rabbits","volume":"15","author":"Loff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.19249","article-title":"Polyvinylchloride infusion lines expose infants to large amounts of toxic plasticizers","volume":"35","author":"Loff","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.380","article-title":"Interaction between microplastics and microorganism as well as gut microbiota: a consideration on environmental animal and human health","volume":"667","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649282","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2025.1649282","article-title":"Environmental exposure pathways of microplastics and their toxic effects on ecosystems and the nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Toxicol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113122","article-title":"Maternal exposure to different sizes of polystyrene microplastics during gestation causes metabolic disorders in their offspring","volume":"255","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13615","article-title":"What is new about the genetic background of Hirschsprung disease?","volume":"97","author":"Luz\u00f3n\u2010Toro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13040383","article-title":"Changes in cosmetics use during pregnancy and risk perception by women","volume":"13","author":"Marie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103276","article-title":"Role of polyamide microplastics as vector of parabens in the environment: an adsorption study","volume":"32","author":"Mej\u00edas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-006-1639-2","article-title":"Long-term outcome of patients with enterocolitis complicating Hirschsprung\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Menezes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7638-2","article-title":"Assessment of placental metal levels in a South African cohort","volume":"191","author":"Meyrueix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04045-3","article-title":"Challenges in studying microplastics in human brain","volume":"31","author":"Monikh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117868","article-title":"First evidence of microplastics in human ovarian follicular fluid: an emerging threat to female fertility","volume":"291","author":"Montano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.101954","article-title":"Unveiling the effects of micro and nano plastics in embryonic development","volume":"14","author":"Nair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-025-00152-7","article-title":"Advancing pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the accurate quantification of micro- and nanoplastics in human blood","volume":"5","author":"Nardella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Micropl. Nanoplast."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00385-2","article-title":"Disorders of the enteric nervous system \u2014 a holistic view","volume":"18","author":"Niesler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03453-1","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains","volume":"31","author":"Nihart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109677","article-title":"Micro- and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables. The first diet risks assessment for the general population","volume":"187","author":"Oliveri Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B76","first-page":"516","article-title":"A critical review of the neurotoxicity of styrene in humans","volume":"35","author":"Pahwa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.11.024","article-title":"Examining the hidden dangers: understanding how microplastics affect pregnancy","volume":"304","author":"Panneerselvam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. and Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"B78","volume-title":"Plastic paints the environment","author":"Paruta","year":"2022"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.01.001","article-title":"Copper, aluminum, iron and calcium inhibit human acetylcholinesterase in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Pohanka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00358-y","article-title":"The plastic brain: neurotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics","volume":"17","author":"Pr\u00fcst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300582121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300582121","article-title":"Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy","volume":"121","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134817","article-title":"Toxicity comparison between pristine and sulfonate modified nanopolystyrene particles in affecting locomotion behavior, sensory perception, and neuronal development in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"703","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123190","article-title":"Microplastics as carriers of toxic pollutants: source, transport, and toxicological effects","volume":"343","author":"Rafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106274","article-title":"Plasticenta: first evidence of microplastics in human placenta","volume":"146","author":"Ragusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103s673","article-title":"Developing brain as a target of toxicity","volume":"103","author":"Rodier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.09.027","article-title":"Human health risks due to exposure to inorganic and organic chemicals from textiles: a review","volume":"168","author":"Rovira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144029","article-title":"Detection of microplastics in human breast milk and its association with changes in human milk bacterial microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Saraluck","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0618","article-title":"Detection of various microplastics in human stool","volume":"171","author":"Schwabl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124004","article-title":"Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested \u2013 a pivotal first step towards human health risk assessment","volume":"404","author":"Senathirajah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.690704","article-title":"Assessment of essential and nonessential metals and different metal exposure biomarkers in the human placenta in a population from the south of Portugal","volume":"75","author":"Serafim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071457","article-title":"Impact of environmental pollutants on gut microbiome and mental health via the gut\u2013brain axis","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.12.010","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics (20 nm) are able to bioaccumulate and cause oxidative DNA damages in the brain tissue of zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio)","volume":"77","author":"S\u00f6kmen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140218","article-title":"Incidence of microplastics in personal care products: an appreciable part of plastic pollution","volume":"742","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117300","article-title":"Microplastics in maternal blood, fetal appendages, and umbilical vein blood","volume":"287","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.09.012","article-title":"Identification of genes associated with Hirschsprung disease, based on whole-genome sequence analysis, and potential effects on enteric nervous system development","volume":"155","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl2746","article-title":"Twenty years of microplastic pollution research\u2014what have we learned?","volume":"386","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125480","article-title":"Prenatal exposure on nanoplastics: a study of spatial transcriptomics in hippocampal offspring","volume":"366","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082657","article-title":"Phthalates induce neurotoxicity affecting locomotor and thermotactic behaviors and AFD neurons through oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"8","author":"Tseng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084236","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1084236","article-title":"A review of the endocrine disrupting effects of micro and nano plastic and their associated chemicals in mammals","volume":"13","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9010072","article-title":"Current insights into monitoring, bioaccumulation, and potential health effects of microplastics present in the food chain","volume":"9","author":"van Raamsdonk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142934","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and dietary bioaccessibility of microplastics composition and cocontaminants in Mediterranean mussels","volume":"363","author":"Vega-Herrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.01.041","article-title":"Assessment of parabens and ultraviolet filters in human placenta tissue by ultrasound-assisted extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1487","author":"Vela-Soria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37703","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13491","article-title":"An ex vivo study examining migration of microplastics from an infused neonatal parenteral nutrition circuit","volume":"132","author":"Vercauteren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11110935","article-title":"(Micro)Plastics are toxic pollutants","volume":"11","author":"Weis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-016-9665-x","article-title":"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)-induced apoptosis and neurotoxicity are mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) but not by estrogen receptor alpha (ER\u03b1), estrogen receptor beta (ER\u03b2), or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3) in mouse cortical neurons","volume":"31","author":"W\u00f3jtowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17192700","article-title":"Evolution of microplastics released from tea bags into water","volume":"17","author":"Yaroslavov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. (Basel)"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-013-9392-5","article-title":"The role of autophagy dysregulation in manganese-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105314","article-title":"Microplastics in house dust from 12 countries and associated human exposure","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00559","article-title":"Occurrence of polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate microplastics in infant and adult feces","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159820","article-title":"Infant exposure to parabens, triclosan, and triclocarban via breastfeeding and formula supplementing in southern China","volume":"858","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153799","article-title":"The effects of micro- and nanoplastics on the central nervous system: a new threat to humanity?","volume":"504","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170004","article-title":"Tissue accumulation of microplastics and potential health risks in human","volume":"915","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftox.2026.1756622\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:10:15Z","timestamp":1774303815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftox.2026.1756622\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ftox.2026.1756622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftox.2026.1756622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"article-number":"1756622"}}