{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:20:01Z","timestamp":1788402001255,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Toxicol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases are major global health challenges, with their pathogenesis closely linked to the abnormal aggregation of pathological proteins. Beyond genetic factors, environmental pollutants play key roles in disease onset and progression. Conventional reviews often focus on associations between specific pollutants and particular diseases. This review innovatively concentrates on the common pathogenic mechanisms of core pathological markers (e.g., A\u03b2, Tau, \u03b1-syn, TDP-43), systematically detailing how various pollutants, including air pollutants, metals, and persistent organic pollutants, modulate the generation, aggregation, propagation, and toxicity of pathological proteins, thereby accelerating neurodegenerative processes. We propose an integrated framework of \u2018pollutants-pathogenic links-neural network failure,\u2019 bridging environmental toxicology and molecular neurology to offer a unified novel perspective and theoretical foundation for molecular mechanism-based environmental risk assessment and targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2026.1814795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:07:35Z","timestamp":1788401255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pollutants regulate changes in pathological markers of neurodegenerative diseases: a new perspective in environmental toxicology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Xingbo","family":"Kou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shangluo Central Hospital","place":["Shangluo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Yan\u2019an University","place":["Yan'An, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinghao","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05920-4","article-title":"Phosphorylation regulates tau\u2019s phase separation behavior and interactions with chromatin","volume":"7","author":"Abasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1021\/mp300352c","article-title":"Traffic jam at the blood-brain barrier promotes greater accumulation of alzheimer's disease amyloid-\u03b2 proteins in the cerebral vasculature","volume":"10","author":"Agyare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14191","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14191","article-title":"Lewy body co-pathology in Alzheimer's disease and primary age-related tauopathy contributes to differential neuropathological, cognitive, and brain atrophy patterns","volume":"21","author":"Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer's and Dementia The Journal Alzheimer's Assoc."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.038","article-title":"Disruption of large-scale brain systems in advanced aging","volume":"56","author":"Andrews-Hanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2025.2501420","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): immunotoxicity at the primary sites of exposure","volume":"55","author":"Arnesdotter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Reviews Toxicology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2025.104198","article-title":"Air pollution in the climate health nexus: a two-decade global review of pollutant trends, health burdens, and monitoring advancements","volume":"141","author":"Awasthi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth, Parts A\/B\/C."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2025.08.004","article-title":"PCB 37 (3,4, 4'-trichlorobiphenyl) increased apoptosis and modulated neuronal morphogenesis in primary rat cortical neuron-glia cocultures in a concentration-sex-age-and CREB-dependent manner","volume":"110","author":"Badley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2194","article-title":"Tau-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders","volume":"8","author":"Ballatore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00501","article-title":"Exosomes as novel regulators of adult neurogenic niches","volume":"9","author":"B\u00e1tiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000219668.47116.e6","article-title":"Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies","volume":"66","author":"Bennett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70350","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70350","article-title":"Unveiling the proteomic landscape of extracellular vesicles: implications for neurodegeneration and neuroprotection","volume":"170","author":"Bernal-Vicente","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Neurochemistry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1038\/81834","article-title":"Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease","volume":"3","author":"Betarbet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/18796397251338207","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Huntington's disease: causes, consequences, and treatment strategies","volume":"14","author":"Blusch","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Huntingt. Disease."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2017.05.003","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of air pollution","volume":"110","author":"Bourdrel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives Cardiovascular Diseases"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0127-z","article-title":"Staging of Alzheimer disease-associated neurofibrillary pathology using paraffin sections and immunocytochemistry","volume":"112","author":"Braak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27253","article-title":"Prevalence of cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and associated risk of subsequent ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and mortality in a nationwide cohort","volume":"98","author":"Bruce","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Neurology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070182","article-title":"TDP-43 in familial and sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin inclusions","volume":"171","author":"Cairns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Journal Pathology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2214","article-title":"Nitric oxide in the central nervous system: neuroprotection versus neurotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Calabrese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00208-3","article-title":"The Boston criteria version 2.0 for cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a multicentre, retrospective, MRI-neuropathology diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"21","author":"Charidimou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of dementia: a population-based cohort study","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081622","article-title":"Fused in sarcoma: properties, self-assembly and correlation with neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.s479757","article-title":"Mechanisms of neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides and their relation to neurological disorders","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease Treatment"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.02.006","article-title":"Amyloid imaging in cognitively normal individuals, at-risk populations and preclinical Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2","author":"Ch\u00e9telat","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00124","article-title":"Environmental pollutants as risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders: alzheimer and Parkinson diseases","volume":"9","author":"Chin-Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.06.005","article-title":"Environmental toxins and Parkinson's disease: what have we learned from pesticide-induced animal models?","volume":"30","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00189.x","article-title":"Lifetime consequences of combined maternal lead and stress","volume":"102","author":"Cory-Slechta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2902-8","article-title":"Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe","volume":"587","author":"Daellenbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-024-01473-6","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid and blood exosomes as biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Darabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.06.001","article-title":"Developmental exposure to lead (Pb) alters the expression of the human tau gene and its products in a transgenic animal model","volume":"55","author":"Dash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.033","article-title":"Propagation of tau pathology in a model of early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"73","author":"de Calignon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-88462-4.00020-1","article-title":"18 - mechanisms of bisphenol A toxicity in mitochondria","volume-title":"Mitochondrial Intoxication","author":"Dehghani","year":"2023"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.153049","article-title":"Environmental factors modulating protein conformations and their role in protein aggregation diseases","volume":"465","author":"Devi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111487","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on health: a mapping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"201","author":"Dominski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Research"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70090-0","article-title":"Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease: the IWG-2 criteria","volume":"13","author":"Dubois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01232-4","article-title":"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy: LATE-breaking updates in clinicopathologic features and biomarkers","volume":"22","author":"Duong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neurology Neuroscience Reports"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2021.03.003","article-title":"Risk of Alzheimer's disease and environmental bisphenol A exposure","volume":"25","author":"Engin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-5890(01)00108-0","article-title":"Calcium and oxidative stress: from cell signaling to cell death","volume":"38","author":"Ermak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Immunology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg9065","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg9065","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment","volume":"375","author":"Evich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110310","article-title":"Role of NF-\u03baB in lead exposure-induced activation of astrocytes based on bioinformatics analysis of hippocampal proteomics","volume":"370","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemico-biological Interactions"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2015.01.017","article-title":"Effects of bisphenol A on glucose homeostasis and brain insulin signaling pathways in male mice","volume":"212","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(18)30499-x","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Feigin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.3914","article-title":"The Alzheimer's disease exposome","volume":"15","author":"Finch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer's and Dementia The Journal Alzheimer's Assoc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113500","article-title":"Single and repeated bisphenol A treatment induces ROS, A\u03b2 and hyperphosphorylated-tau accumulation, and insulin pathways disruption, through HDAC2 and PTP1B overexpression, leading to SN56 cholinergic apoptotic cell death","volume":"170","author":"Flores","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chemical Toxicology An International Journal Published Br. Industrial Biol. Res. Assoc."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.76","article-title":"Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology","volume":"16","author":"Fonken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90822-2","article-title":"p62 overexpression induces TDP-43 cytoplasmic mislocalisation, aggregation and cleavage and neuronal death","volume":"11","author":"Foster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c13478","article-title":"The exposome and human health","volume":"59","author":"Gago-Ferrero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Science and Technology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. and Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339\u201357.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.02.038","article-title":"Cytoplasmic TDP-43 De-mixing independent of stress granules drives inhibition of nuclear import, loss of nuclear TDP-43, and cell death","volume":"102","author":"Gasset-Rosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.754101","article-title":"Zinc and copper differentially modulate amyloid precursor protein processing by \u03b3-Secretase and Amyloid-\u03b2 peptide production","volume":"292","author":"Gerber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104947","article-title":"Developmental exposure to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin causes male-specific exacerbation of \u03b1-synuclein-preformed fibril-induced toxicity and motor deficits","volume":"141","author":"Gezer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97007","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp9737","article-title":"Association between long-term air pollution, chronic traffic noise, and resting-state functional connectivity in the 1000BRAINS study","volume":"130","author":"Glaubitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspectives"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483x(87)90123-5","article-title":"The pathophysiology of proximal neurofilamentous giant axonal swellings: implications for the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Gold","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20s","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.263196","article-title":"Tau PET imaging in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"63","author":"Groot","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nuclear Medicine Official Publication, Soc. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.5.729","article-title":"Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid, and memory in aging and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"60","author":"Guillozet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives Neurology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-68","article-title":"Exosomes as mediators of neuroinflammation","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03865.x","article-title":"Cerebral hypoperfusion and white matter disease in healthy elderly and patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Gurol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Journal Neurology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eehl.2023.06.001","article-title":"The bio-distribution, clearance pathways, and toxicity mechanisms of ambient ultrafine particles","volume":"2","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eco-Environment and Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-019-00130-7","article-title":"A scoping review on the characteristics of human exposome studies","volume":"5","author":"Haddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.01.010","article-title":"CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease concord with amyloid-\u03b2 PET and predict clinical progression: a study of fully automated immunoassays in BioFINDER and ADNI cohorts","volume":"14","author":"Hansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer's and Dementia The Journal Alzheimer's Assoc."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. (New York, NY)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau4543","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aau4543","article-title":"Manganese promotes the aggregation and prion-like cell-to-cell exosomal transmission of \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"12","author":"Harischandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00194","article-title":"Exosomes and the prion protein: more than one truth","volume":"11","author":"Hartmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neuroscience"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-106997","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles induce oxidative stress, proinflammatory signaling, and P-glycoprotein up-regulation at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"22","author":"Hartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB Journal Official Publication Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.03.007","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and pesticides: a toxicological perspective","volume":"29","author":"Hatcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0055-7","article-title":"Inflammasome signalling in brain function and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"19","author":"Heneka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews Neurosci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01104-7","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease","volume":"25","author":"Heneka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107528","article-title":"Environmental exposure to metals and the development of tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and TDP-43 proteinopathies: a systematic evidence map protocol","volume":"169","author":"Hester","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0332-6","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and microglial activation: systematic review of animal experiments","volume":"12","author":"Hoogland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63462-1","article-title":"Nitration of tau protein is linked to neurodegeneration in tauopathies","volume":"163","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Journal Pathology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s372485","article-title":"Silica nanoparticles cause activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in-vitro model-using microglia","volume":"17","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Journal Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.10.008","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"168","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Research"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp7832","article-title":"Toward cleaner air and better health: current state, challenges, and priorities","volume":"385","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. (New York, NY)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2026.104031","article-title":"Smog, sugar, and synapses: unraveling the PM2.5-insulin resistance-alzheimer's disease axis","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Redox Biology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.06.056","article-title":"The association between prion proteins and A\u03b21-42 oligomers in cytotoxicity and apoptosis","volume":"424","author":"Hyeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00116-3","article-title":"Chronic inflammation: a potential target in tauopathies","volume":"22","author":"Ising","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96456-y","article-title":"Microglial TLR4-Lyn kinase is a critical regulator of neuroinflammation, A\u03b2 phagocytosis, neuronal damage, and cell survival in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70299-6","article-title":"Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade","volume":"9","author":"Jack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer's disease: alzheimer's association workgroup","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer's and Dementia The Journal Alzheimer's Assoc."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20894","DOI":"10.1039\/c8nr04506b","article-title":"Impact of nanoparticles on amyloid peptide and protein aggregation: a review with a focus on gold nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4464","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15617","article-title":"Alternative systems for misfolded protein clearance: life beyond the proteasome","volume":"288","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Journal"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-011-9339-1","article-title":"SOD1 and TDP-43 animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: recent advances in understanding disease toward the development of clinical treatments","volume":"22","author":"Joyce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mammalian Genome Official Journal Int. Mammalian Genome Soc."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073402","article-title":"Air pollution-induced neurotoxicity: the relationship between air pollution, epigenetic changes, and neurological disorders","volume":"26","author":"Kalenik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12333","article-title":"Understanding aspects of aluminum exposure in Alzheimer's disease development","volume":"26","author":"Kandimalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Pathol. Zurich, Switz."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1741","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical phenotype of quadruple misfolded proteins in older adults","volume":"77","author":"Karanth","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00391-w","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis in Alzheimer disease: new insights from new therapeutics","volume":"21","author":"Karran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30231-3","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches","volume":"19","author":"Kellar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72256","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72256","article-title":"The impact of chemical toxicants and air pollutants on neurodegenerative disorders and their underlying potential mechanisms: a literature review","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Health Science Reports"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfad036","article-title":"Exposure to quasi-ultrafine particulate matter accelerates memory impairment and Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in the AppNL-G-F knock-in mouse model","volume":"193","author":"Kilian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sciences An Official Journal Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.191","article-title":"Role of cell cycle on the cellular uptake and dilution of nanoparticles in a cell population","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.07.019","article-title":"A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030448","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutant-mediated insulin resistance","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.07.078","article-title":"Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion accelerates amyloid beta deposition in APPSwInd transgenic mice","volume":"1294","author":"Kitaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-018-0661-9","article-title":"Microplastics and human health: our great future to think about now","volume":"14","author":"Kontrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Medical Toxicology Official Journal Am. Coll. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61373","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.61373","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products-induced Alzheimer's disease and its novel therapeutic approaches: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Kothandan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae325","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 predominant Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuropathologic change","volume":"148","author":"Kovacs","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain A Journal Neurology"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.05.011","article-title":"Copper, iron, and zinc ions homeostasis and their role in neurodegenerative disorders (metal uptake, transport, distribution and regulation)","volume":"253","author":"Kozlowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-025-00452-6","article-title":"Environmental toxins in neurodegeneration - a narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Kulcs\u00e1rov\u00e1","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurological Res. Pract."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S379\u2013s95","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179944","article-title":"Iron and Alzheimer's disease: an update on emerging mechanisms","volume":"64","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Disease JAD."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6823561","article-title":"Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis","volume":"219","author":"Langston","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sci. (New York, NY)"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2209-4_22","article-title":"Studying unconventional secretion of misfolded proteins in cultured cells and primary neurons","volume":"2473","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Bio. Clift. NJ"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.1121","article-title":"Neurodegenerative tauopathies","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Review Neuroscience"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn5164","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn5164","article-title":"Childhood lead exposure is associated with lower cognitive functioning at older ages","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Advances"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115565","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure and neurodegenerative diseases: a comprehensive update on toxicity and mechanisms","volume":"266","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.06.002","article-title":"The prion concept and synthetic prions","volume":"150","author":"Legname","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Molecular Biology Translational Science"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s10118-022-2763-8","article-title":"Regulating FUS liquid-liquid phase separation via specific metal recognition","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0354","article-title":"The mediating function of obesity on endocrine-disrupting chemicals and insulin resistance in children","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism JPEM"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115749","article-title":"Chronic exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics induces intestinal mechanical and immune barrier dysfunction in mice","volume":"269","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119091","article-title":"Inhaled pollutants and neurological health via the lung-brain axis","volume":"304","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701250104","article-title":"Nucleation of protein fibrillation by nanoparticles","volume":"104","author":"Linse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031302","article-title":"Trans-synaptic spread of tau pathology in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadi8716","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi8716","article-title":"Anionic nanoplastic contaminants promote Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2013associated \u03b1-synuclein aggregation","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Advances"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/s0041-008x(02)00072-8","article-title":"Acrylamide axonopathy revisited","volume":"188","author":"LoPachin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e207920","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000207920","article-title":"Association between \u03b2-Amyloid accumulation and incident dementia in individuals 80 years or older without dementia","volume":"102","author":"Lopez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.04.028","article-title":"Formaldehyde induces hyperphosphorylation and polymerization of Tau protein both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"1830","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimica biophysica acta"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113867","article-title":"Long-term air pollution, noise, and structural measures of the default mode network in the brain: results from the 1000BRAINS cohort","volume":"239","author":"Lucht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737229","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1737229","article-title":"Environmental pollutants and the gut microbiota: mechanistic links from exposure to systemic disease","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-e","article-title":"A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes","volume":"72","author":"MacDonald","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100560200","article-title":"The herbicide paraquat causes up-regulation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein in mice: paraquat and alpha-synuclein","volume":"277","author":"Manning-Bog","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39921-w","article-title":"Particulate matter impairs immune system function by up-regulating inflammatory pathways and decreasing pathogen response gene expression","volume":"13","author":"Mar\u00edn-Palma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13090770","article-title":"Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate disrupts mitochondrial function, dynamics and biogenesis in human trophoblast cells at human exposure range concentrations","volume":"13","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Razo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0924-x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution","volume":"566","author":"Masuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2021.07.001","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls induce oxidative stress and metabolic responses in astrocytes","volume":"86","author":"McCann","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia with lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB consortium","volume":"89","author":"McKeith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0614","article-title":"Endogenous alpha-synuclein is essential for the transfer of pathology by exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles, following inoculation with preformed fibrils in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Melachroinou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Disease"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-022-03683-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of prion-induced toxicity","volume":"392","author":"Mercer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Tissue Research"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[3:meahei]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans: a worldwide concern","volume":"36","author":"Mergler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3380","article-title":"Axonal transport deficits and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"14","author":"Millecamps","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00517-9","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis caused by FUS mutations: advances with broad implications","volume":"24","author":"Moens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-210011","article-title":"Aluminum and Tau in neurofibrillary tangles in familial Alzheimer's disease","volume":"5","author":"Mold","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Disease Reports"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070365","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment: occupational and exposure events, effects on human health and fertility","volume":"10","author":"Montano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73207-9","article-title":"Metal ions shape \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"10","author":"Moons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9079","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14340","article-title":"AA criteria for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: mainly anchored at A\u03b2 not tau","volume":"20","author":"Moscoso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer's and Dementia"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.7817","article-title":"Frequency and clinical outcomes associated with Tau positron emission tomography positivity","volume":"334","author":"Moscoso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472751","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/472751","article-title":"Air pollution, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2012","author":"Moulton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environmental Public Health"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.9b00216","article-title":"Proteasome 20S and Rab5 alteration after 24 h and 14 days chlorpyrifos exposure lead to \u03b2-Amyloid and tau protein level increases and SN56 neuronal cell death","volume":"32","author":"Moyano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Research Toxicology"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr053","article-title":"Hippocampal sclerosis in advanced age: clinical and pathological features","volume":"134","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain A Journal Neurology"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837579","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.837579","article-title":"Role of environmental toxicants on neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"4","author":"Nabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Toxicology."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.51.6.1546","article-title":"Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria","volume":"51","author":"Neary","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz099","article-title":"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report","volume":"142","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain A Journal Neurology"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134108","article-title":"Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"314","author":"Neumann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. (New York, NY)"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201102400205","article-title":"Paraquat- and rotenone-induced models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Nistic\u00f2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Journal Immunopathology Pharmacology"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A440","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.110-1240959","article-title":"Ultrafine particles in the urban air: to the respiratory tract--and beyond?","volume":"110","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspectives"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370490439597","article-title":"Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain","volume":"16","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicology"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080417","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a systematic mapping and review of neuropathological mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Olasehinde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.4669","article-title":"Prevalence of amyloid PET positivity in dementia syndromes: a meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"Ossenkoppele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104539","article-title":"Arsenic exposure: a public health problem leading to several cancers","volume":"110","author":"Palma-Lara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicology Pharmacology RTP."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233711427048","article-title":"Mercury induces the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Industrial Health"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14547","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein strains cause distinct synucleinopathies after local and systemic administration","volume":"522","author":"Peelaerts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00172","article-title":"The role of microglia in the spread of tau: relevance for tauopathies","volume":"12","author":"Perea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.01.002","article-title":"Brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease and aging","volume":"30","author":"Pini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0012fje","article-title":"Aluminum modulates brain amyloidosis through oxidative stress in APP transgenic mice","volume":"16","author":"Pratic\u00f2","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB Journal Official Publication Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.054","article-title":"Zn2+ modulates in vitro phase separation of TDP-432C and mutant TDP-432C-A315T C-terminal fragments of TDP-43 protein implicated in ALS and FTLD-TDP diseases","volume":"176","author":"Preethi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1675487","article-title":"Molecular biology of prion diseases","volume":"252","author":"Prusiner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci. (New York, NY)"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.02.003","article-title":"Rotenone induces cell death in primary dopaminergic culture by increasing ROS production and inhibiting mitochondrial respiration","volume":"49","author":"Radad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem. International"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020135","article-title":"The emerging role of autophagy as a target of environmental pollutants: an update on mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00371-7","article-title":"Environmental chemical exposures and mitochondrial dysfunction: a review of recent literature","volume":"9","author":"Reddam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Environmental Health Reports"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.8.537","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and neurological development in children: a systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Ribas-Fit\u00f3","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Epidemiology Community Health"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/362059a0","article-title":"Mutations in Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Rosen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1066","article-title":"Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Medicine"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70245-3","article-title":"Huntington's disease: from molecular pathogenesis to clinical treatment","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.317975","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles drive tau spreading in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2025.066320","article-title":"Rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and glial activation in parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases","volume":"49","author":"Rubio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"14","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews Neurol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.277061","article-title":"Exosome-associated tau is secreted in tauopathy models and is selectively phosphorylated in cerebrospinal fluid in early Alzheimer disease","volume":"287","author":"Saman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","article-title":"Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner","volume":"74","author":"Schafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5089\u2013106.e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.09.007","article-title":"Microglia jointly degrade fibrillar alpha-synuclein cargo by distribution through tunneling nanotubes","volume":"184","author":"Scheiblich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.06.009","article-title":"Association of air pollution with cognitive functions and its modification by APOE gene variants in elderly women","volume":"142","author":"Schikowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Research"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00900-6","article-title":"Neuropathology of Lewy body dementia: Lewy-related pathology, \u03b1-synuclein oligomers, and comorbid pathologies","volume":"20","author":"Sekiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw8283","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw8283","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in aging induces hyperactivation of TGF\u03b2 signaling and chronic yet reversible neural dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Senatorov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.4c00189","article-title":"Astrocytes respond to environment-relevant doses TCDD in a specific manner which is different from the endogenous AhR ligand (FICZ)","volume":"3","author":"Sha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105932","article-title":"Paraquat (herbicide) as a cause of Parkinson's disease","volume":"119","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Park. Related Disorders"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-6511-14-23","article-title":"Role of astrocytes in manganese mediated neurotoxicity","volume":"14","author":"Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175481","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced model of neuroinflammation: mechanisms of action, research application and future directions for its use","volume":"27","author":"Skrzypczak-Wiercioch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Basel, Switz."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11342","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to bisphenol a alters early adipogenesis in the rat","volume":"117","author":"Somm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspectives"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003745","article-title":"Biomarkers and neuroimaging markers in Parkinson's disease","volume":"138","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Medical Journal"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.3c00053","article-title":"Human exposure to microplastics and its associated health risks","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.084632","article-title":"Dieldrin induces ubiquitin-proteasome dysfunction in \u03b1-Synuclein overexpressing dopaminergic neuronal cells and enhances susceptibility to apoptotic cell death","volume":"315","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2022.03.001","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 oligomers interact with NMDA receptors containing GluN2B subunits and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 in primary cortical neurons: relevance to the synapse pathology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"180","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002839","article-title":"Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson's disease","volume":"119","author":"Tanner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspectives"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34727-3","article-title":"Environmental contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and contribution from biomonitoring studies to the surveillance of global health","volume":"31","author":"Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00676","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: a role for ion channels","volume":"12","author":"Thei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neuroscience"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03509-0","article-title":"A common mechanism of proteasome impairment by neurodegenerative disease-associated oligomers","volume":"9","author":"Thibaudeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101494","article-title":"Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease: after a century of controversy, is there a plausible link?","volume":"23","author":"Tomljenovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Disease JAD."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440324","article-title":"Glial cytoplasmic inclusions in white matter oligodendrocytes of multiple system atrophy brains contain insoluble alpha-synuclein","volume":"44","author":"Tu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurology"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165942","article-title":"Mutations in FUS, an RNA processing protein, cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 6","volume":"323","author":"Vance","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. (New York, NY)"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2025.03.002","article-title":"The current role of tau PET imaging in neurodegeneration","volume":"55","author":"Vanderlinden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Seminars Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3790477","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3790477","article-title":"Oxidative stress caused by ozone exposure induces changes in P2X7 receptors, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in the rat hippocampus","volume":"2021","author":"Vel\u00e1zquez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine Cellular Longevity"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.12.006","article-title":"Manganese exposure induces \u03b1-synuclein aggregation in the frontal cortex of non-human primates","volume":"217","author":"Verina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Letters"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121884","article-title":"Manganese exposure and cognitive performance: a meta-analytical approach","volume":"332","author":"Vlasak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.05.128","article-title":"Perfluorooctane sulfonate triggers tight junction \u201copening\u201d in brain endothelial cells via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","volume":"410","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.02.006","article-title":"PCB 126 induces monocyte\/macrophage polarization and inflammation through AhR and NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"367","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150185","article-title":"Early-life lead exposure induces long-term toxicity in the central nervous system: from zebrafish larvae to juveniles and adults","volume":"804","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environment"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.109844","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid induces hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in vitro via endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication","volume":"354","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemico-biological Interactions"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00835-7","article-title":"Push-pull effects of basal ganglia network in Parkinson\u2019s disease inferred by functional MRI","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj Parkinson's Dis."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2015-0009","article-title":"Lead toxicity: a review","volume":"8","author":"Wani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicology"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy232","article-title":"Bisphenol A and phthalates: how environmental chemicals are reshaping toxicology","volume":"166","author":"Warner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sciences An Official Journal Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12901","article-title":"The worldwide costs of dementia in 2019","volume":"19","author":"Wimo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer's and Dementia"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103350","article-title":"Disruption of synaptic expression pattern and age-related DNA oxidation in a neuronal model of lead-induced toxicity","volume":"76","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.05.005","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and risk of Parkinson's disease: dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"96","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicology Pharmacology RTP"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-025-02242-6","article-title":"Pollutant-regulated mitophagy: new perspectives in environmental toxicology","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56631","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c12708","article-title":"Hydrophilicity-driven modulation of Amyloid-\u03b2(1-40) fibrillation by engineered nanomaterials","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.11.004","article-title":"Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in health and disease","volume":"25","author":"Yeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.315","article-title":"Dietary intake of persistent organic pollutants and potential health risks via consumption of global aquatic products","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicology Chemistry"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.12.034","article-title":"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs): a review on environmental contamination in China","volume":"150","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119133","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics induce cognitive dysfunction and dendritic spine deterioration via excessive mitochondrial fission","volume":"304","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01455","article-title":"Brain endothelial cells release apical and basolateral microparticles in response to inflammatory cytokine stimulation: relevance to neuroinflammatory stress?","volume":"10","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunology"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961\u201379.e8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.02.024","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic and functional studies identify glial state changes and a role for inflammatory RIPK1 signaling in ALS pathogenesis","volume":"58","author":"Zelic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2023.2171236","article-title":"Chlorpyrifos-induced dysregulation of synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampal neurons","volume":"58","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, Agricultural Wastes"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150270","article-title":"Environmental contamination and human exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in China: a review","volume":"805","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftox.2026.1814795\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:07:38Z","timestamp":1788401258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftox.2026.1814795\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":212,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ftox.2026.1814795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftox.2026.1814795","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1814795"}}