{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:48:52Z","timestamp":1768902532981,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["029742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["029742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Tuberc."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are experiencing a rapidly increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), additionally straining health systems battling with high prevalence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). This study set out to describe the prevalence of a high blood pressure (HBP) and identify factors associated with high BP among persons with presumed and diagnosed TB patients in a high TB burden setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional study that enrolled consecutive persons with presumed TB and those at high risk for TB, aged \u226518 years old, between November 2021 and December 2022 in Lusaka, Zambia. We defined a high blood pressure (HBP) reading as any systolic \u2265140 mmHg and\/or diastolic \u226590 mmHg. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize participant demographic and clinical characteristics while logistical regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with HBP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 2,431 participants, 541 (26.9%) had HBP and 290 (11.9%) had bacteriologically confirmed TB. Among those with HBP, 51\/541 (7.8%) had TB. Overall, 1,305 (53.6%) were female, median age was 35 years (IQR = 27\u201345), 899 (36.9%) were living with HIV, 383 (15.7%) were overweight, and 209 (8.6%) were obese. We noted a history of tobacco use among 718 (29.5%), and 1,078 (44.3%) reported alcohol use during the past year. The odds of a high BP increased with ages 35\u201344 (aOR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.22\u20132.02); 45\u201354 (aOR = 2.10, 95%CI = 1.59\u20132.76); and over 55 (aOR = 4.30, 95%CI = 3.11\u20135.95) years, alcohol use (aOR = 1.40, 95%CI = 1.15\u20131.71), and BMI over 30 (aOR = 1.64, 95%CI = 1.20\u20132.25). Conversely, participants with bacteriologically confirmed TB (aOR = 0.63, 95%CI = 0.45\u20130.88), aged 18\u201324 years (aOR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.41\u20130.82), and BMI &amp;lt;18.5 (aOR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.47\u20130.80) had lower odds of HBP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 1 in 4 persons assessed for TB had HBP on initial reading. Higher BMI, alcohol use and older age were associated with increased HBP prevalence. These results provide valuable baseline data to inform strategies for integrated TB and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including HBP screening in similar settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1548843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T05:41:54Z","timestamp":1752126114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of high blood pressure among persons assessed for TB at three health facilities in Lusaka, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Seke G. Y.","family":"Muzazu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Siameka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nsala","family":"Sanjase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Shuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Kagujje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monde","family":"Muyoyeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"008","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.ach.1001027","article-title":"Hypertension: A global health crisis","volume":"5","author":"Berek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Hypertens."},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Hypertension_ Key facts\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"A global brief on hypertension: silent killer, global public health crisis: World Health Day 2013\n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"38443614\n          Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Epidemiology and risk of hypertension\n          \n          211\n          \n            \n              C\u00edfkov\u00e1\n              R\n            \n          \n          Arch Med Sci Spec Issue.\n          2009\n          2009"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00559-8","article-title":"Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cqn.2013.04.005","article-title":"Epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Queries Nephrol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.10.024","article-title":"The global burden of disease study and the preventable burden of NCD","volume":"11","author":"Benziger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Heart."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S157987","article-title":"The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases in low-middle income countries: the view from Malawi","volume":"11","author":"Gowshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-21","article-title":"Global burden, distribution, and interventions for infectious diseases of poverty","volume":"3","author":"Bhutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0708","article-title":"Lower-income countries that face the most rapid shift in noncommunicable disease burden are also the least prepared","volume":"36","author":"Bollyky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223466","article-title":"Double burden of noncommunicable and infectious diseases in developing countries","volume":"337","author":"Bygbjerg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.12.016","article-title":"Tuberculosis and hypertension\u2014a systematic review of the literature","volume":"56","author":"Seegert","year":"2017"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.06.062","article-title":"Hypertension is associated with increased mortality in patients with tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"109","author":"Seegert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1056\/AIoa2400018","article-title":"Prospective multi-site validation of AI to detect tuberculosis and chest X-ray abnormalities","volume":"1","author":"Kazemzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"NEJM AI"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","article-title":"2020 International society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines","volume":"75","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Current world population\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2015.07.018","article-title":"Non-communicable disease comorbidities and risk factors among tuberculosis patients, Meghalaya, India","volume":"63","author":"Marak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0228-9","article-title":"Urogenital tuberculosis\u2014epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features","volume":"16","author":"Muneer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcu220","volume":"108","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"The risk of chronic kidney disease in tuberculosis: a population-based cohort study. QJM"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.18502\/kls.v4i10.3738","article-title":"Is Tuberculosis increasing blood pressure?","author":"Satrya","year":"2019","journal-title":"KnE Life Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00036","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-20","article-title":"The echo of pulmonary tuberculosis: mechanisms of clinical symptoms and other disease-induced systemic complications","volume":"33","author":"Luies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_4_21","article-title":"A systematic review of adrenal insufficiency among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"Azeez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofae098","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae098","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical features, and predictors of adrenal insufficiency in adults with tuberculosis or HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Kibirige","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-4-34","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension and its correlates in Lusaka urban district of Zambia: a population based survey","volume":"4","author":"Goma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Arch Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e055668","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055668","article-title":"Hypertension, its correlates and differences in access to healthcare services by gender among rural Zambian residents: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Tateyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001686","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001686","article-title":"Hypertension among persons living with HIV\u2014Zambia, 2021; A cross-sectional study of a national electronic health record system","volume":"3","author":"Hines","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700216","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00216-2017","article-title":"Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for tuberculosis: meta-analyses and burden of disease","volume":"50","author":"Imtiaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283653999","article-title":"Long-term alcohol consumption is an independent risk factor of hypertension development in northern China: evidence from Kailuan study","volume":"31","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hypertens."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-021-01160-7","article-title":"The effect of alcohol on blood pressure and hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Fuchs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14147","article-title":"Regional patterns and association between obesity and hypertension in Africa: evidence from the H3Africa CHAIR study","volume":"75","author":"Akpa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.01.003","article-title":"Obesity and its relation with diabetes and hypertension: a cross-sectional study across 4 geographical regions","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Heart."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178633721994607","DOI":"10.1177\/1178633721994607","article-title":"Obesity and prevalence of latent tuberculosis: a population-based survey","volume":"14","author":"Badawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0297905","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297905","article-title":"Obesity-related indicators and tuberculosis: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"19","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix852","article-title":"Association of obesity, diabetes, and risk of tuberculosis: two population-based cohorts","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.64","article-title":"Obesity\/overweight reduces the risk of active tuberculosis: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"41","author":"Yen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20833-0","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in active tuberculosis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Baluku","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3974651","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3974651","article-title":"Tuberculosis treatment outcomes and factors associated with each of them in a cohort followed up between 2010 and 2014","volume":"2017","author":"Cardoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Tuberculosis"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1548843\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T19:22:39Z","timestamp":1752175359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1548843\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1548843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1548843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-7868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-7868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"article-number":"1548843"}}