{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:20:29Z","timestamp":1792185629096,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025 FI-1 01214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025 FI-1 01214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021 SGR 00920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 00920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"'la Caixa' Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["471 100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["471 100010434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Tuberc."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The genus\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    exerts a strong selective force, shaping the evolution and structure of innate immune systems across various hosts and revealing overarching, conserved principles of host defense. Despite their phylogenetic distance, amoebae, nematodes, insects, wax moth larvae, and zebrafish share fundamental innate immune strategies while also exhibiting key differences in tissue organization, immune complexity, and the presence or absence of adaptive immunity. This comparative review synthesizes insights from these systems to highlight both the conserved mechanisms that mycobacteria repeatedly exploit and the lineage-specific features that shape host susceptibility. Amoebae demonstrate ancient, cell-autonomous defenses, including nutritional immunity through metal trafficking (Nramp1\/zinc intoxication) and membrane repair pathways (ESCRT\/autophagy) against the ESX-1 system. Moving to metazoans, the importance of conserved signaling, such as the p38 MAPK (PMK-1) pathway in\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , becomes evident, which\n                    <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    actively suppresses via VHP-1. In other invertebrates, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    , integrated immunometabolism is present, in which disruption of the Akt\u2013FOXO axis causes a conserved wasting syndrome, and\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria<\/jats:italic>\n                    mimics chronic TB pathology by forming granuloma-like structures with lipid-accumulating hemocytes and demonstrating innate immune priming. Larval zebrafish, which depend solely on innate immunity, show pathogen-driven granuloma formation and spread, with ESX-1 mediating pro-necrotic cell death and the Asc-dependent inflammasome contributing to restriction. Overall, these cross-species comparisons demonstrate how mycobacteria exploit foundational host mechanisms while revealing the evolutionary breadth and limits of innate immune strategies across the animal kingdom.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1735950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T07:36:21Z","timestamp":1765524981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mycobacteria as evolutionary drivers of host innate immunity: insights from comparing experimental host models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mariona","family":"Cortacans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pere-Joan","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2003.08.006","article-title":"Molecular genetics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in relation to the discovery of novel drugs and vaccines","volume":"84","author":"Kana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tuberculosis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102649","article-title":"Historical examination of tuberculosis; from ancient affliction to modern challenges","volume":"18","author":"Mousavi-Sagharchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.8","article-title":"Ecology and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Gagneux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.021","article-title":"Evolution of virulence in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex","volume":"41","author":"Orgeur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0412623","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04126-23","article-title":"Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis' closest-related non-tuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"12","author":"Sous","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.075069.107","article-title":"Insights from the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium marinum on the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Stinear","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01201-x","volume":"23","author":"Warner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosisNat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000171","volume":"64","author":"Ba\u00f1uls","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosisJ Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012956","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012956","article-title":"Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis through its genomic diversity and evolution","volume":"21","author":"Sweeney","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13083","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13083","article-title":"A brief historical and evolutionary perspective on the origin of cellular microbiology research","volume":"21","author":"Soldati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1389824","article-title":"Autophagy and innate immunity: insights from invertebrate model organisms","volume":"14","author":"Kuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03011.x","article-title":"Free-living amoebae, a training field for macrophage resistance of mycobacteria","volume":"15","author":"Salah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-6269-x","article-title":"Investigation of the host transcriptional response to intracellular bacterial infection using Dictyostelium discoideum as a host model","volume":"20","author":"Kjellin","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00269","article-title":"Of amoebae and men: extracellular DNA Traps as an ancient cell-intrinsic defense mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5942807","article-title":"Reductive evolution and niche adaptation inferred from the genome of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer","volume":"17","author":"Stinear","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-025-00781-z","article-title":"Diagnostics, resistance and clinical relevance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria unidentified at the species level by line probe assays: a bi-national study","volume":"24","author":"Doh\u00e1l","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45258","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45258","article-title":"Genomic characterization of nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"7","author":"Fedrizzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75228-0","article-title":"Comprehensive pan-genome analysis of Mycobacterium marinum: insights into genomic diversity, evolution, and pathogenicity","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091380","article-title":"Non-tuberculous mycobacteria: molecular and physiological bases of virulence and adaptation to ecological niches","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01683-0","article-title":"Rethinking the burden of latent tuberculosis to reprioritize research","volume":"9","author":"Behr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k2738","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2738","article-title":"Revisiting the timetable of tuberculosis","volume":"362","author":"Behr","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.12.013","article-title":"Update on the virulence factors of the obligate pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria","volume":"72","author":"Madacki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2023.102395","article-title":"Toxin-antitoxin system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: roles beyond stress sensor and growth regulator","volume":"143","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152296","article-title":"Resilience to stress and antibiotics, coupled with immunomodulatory behavior, uncovers Mycobacterium indicus pranii as a suitable surrogate model for tuberculosis research","volume":"777","author":"Bahl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21928","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21928","article-title":"Unraveling and engineering the production of 23,24-bisnorcholenic steroids in sterol metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2012.10.005","article-title":"Identification and engineering of cholesterol oxidases involved in the initial step of sterols catabolism in Mycobacterium neoaurum","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab Eng"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2207505119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207505119","article-title":"The unusual convergence of steroid catabolic pathways in Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"119","author":"Crowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37332-w","article-title":"Mycobacterial species and their contribution to cholesterol degradation in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.01.017","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria: insights on taxonomy and evolution","volume":"72","author":"Turenne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12303","article-title":"Experimental selection of long-term intracellular mycobacteria","volume":"16","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105041","volume":"197","author":"Chavarro-Portillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycobacterium leprae'sActa Trop."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuaa071","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa071","article-title":"The within-host evolution of antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"45","author":"Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e173156","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI173156","article-title":"The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome at 25 years: lessons and lingering questions","volume":"133","author":"Koleske","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954074","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.954074","article-title":"Evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in the genomic era","volume":"12","author":"Nimmo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux011","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: mechanistic and evolutionary perspectives","volume":"41","author":"Gygli","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0119421","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01194-21","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Mycobacterium avium complex reveals signatures of environment-specific adaptation and community acquisition","volume":"6","author":"Keen","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-025-01443-7","article-title":"Genomic insights into the plasmidome of non-tuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"17","author":"Diricks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabb8699","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8699","article-title":"Stepwise pathogenic evolution of Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"372","author":"Bryant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm111","article-title":"Contribution of horizontally acquired genomic islands to the evolution of the tubercle bacilli","volume":"24","author":"Becq","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/v9040065","article-title":"Free-living amoebae as hosts for and vectors of intracellular microorganisms with public health significance","volume":"9","author":"Balczun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008069","volume":"15","author":"Dubois","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycobacterium abscessusPLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.1.20-28.2005","article-title":"Amoebae as training grounds for intracellular bacterial pathogens","volume":"71","author":"Molmeret","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.07.001","article-title":"Looking in amoebae as a source of mycobacteria","volume":"77","author":"Drancourt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11038","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610746104","article-title":"Identification of Mycobacterium avium pathogenicity island important for macrophage and amoeba infection","volume":"104","author":"Danelishvili","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dmm050698","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050698","article-title":"Exploring host\u2013pathogen interactions in the Dictyostelium discoideum\u2013Mycobacterium marinum infection model of tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Guallar-Garrido","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00827","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00827-24","article-title":"Amoebae as training grounds for microbial pathogens","volume":"15","author":"Price","year":"2004","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2015.1049529","article-title":"Animal models in tuberculosis research \u2013 where is the beef?","volume":"10","author":"Myllym\u00e4ki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jcs218040","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.218040","article-title":"Functions of the Dictyostelium LIMP-2 and CD36 homologues in bacteria uptake, phagolysosome biogenesis and host cell defence","volume":"131","author":"Sattler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2004.05.011","article-title":"New models for the study of Mycobacterium\u2013host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Pozos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00529","article-title":"When dicty met myco, a (not so) romantic story about one amoeba and its intracellular pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Cardenal-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011795677782","article-title":"The professional phagocyte Dictyostelium discoideum as a model host for bacterial pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Bozzaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2017.06.001","article-title":"Breaking fat! How mycobacteria and other intracellular pathogens manipulate host lipid droplets","volume":"141","author":"Barisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochimie."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00077","article-title":"From phagocytes to immune defense: roles for coronin proteins in Dictyostelium and mammalian immunity","volume":"8","author":"Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0572-z","volume":"14","author":"Butler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycobacterium bovis"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612354","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1612354","volume":"16","author":"Nitschke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dictyostelium discoideumFront Microbiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0094323","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00943-23","article-title":"ER-dependent membrane repair of mycobacteria-induced vacuole damage","volume":"14","author":"Anand","year":"2023","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006095","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006095","volume":"13","author":"Barisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycobacterium marinumPLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.10.006","article-title":"Interactions between Mycobacterium xenopi, amoeba and human cells","volume":"65","author":"Drancourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020499","volume":"6","author":"Mba Medie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosisPLoS ONE."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00050","article-title":"Iron metabolism and resistance to infection by invasive bacteria in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum","volume":"3","author":"Bozzaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2005.00356.x","article-title":"Function and mechanism of action of Dictyostelium Nramp1 (Slc11a1) in bacterial infection","volume":"7","author":"Peracino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Traffic."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.173153","article-title":"Dictyostelium Nramp1, which is structurally and functionally similar to mammalian DMT1 transporter, mediates phagosomal iron efflux","volume":"128","author":"Buracco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00536","article-title":"Differential effects of iron, zinc, and copper on Dictyostelium discoideum cell growth and resistance to Legionella pneumophila","volume":"7","author":"Buracco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00493.x","volume":"7","author":"Steinert","year":"2005","journal-title":"DictyosteliumCell Microbiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01313","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01313-20","article-title":"Zn2+ Intoxication of Mycobacterium marinum during Dictyostelium discoideum Infection Is Counteracted by Induction of the Pathogen Zn2+ Exporter CtpC","volume":"12","author":"Hanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00047","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00047-25","volume":"207","author":"Menon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mycobacterium marinumJ Bacteriol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00471","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00471-24","article-title":"Antibacterial effectors in Dictyostelium discoideum: specific activity against different bacterial species","volume":"9","author":"Munoz-Ruiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.4c00479","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of ancient prosaposin-like proteins from the protist Dictyostelium discoideum","volume":"63","author":"Ortjohann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01906","article-title":"Eat prey, live: Dictyostelium discoideum as a model for cell-autonomous defenses","volume":"8","author":"Dunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85727","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85727","article-title":"A TRAF-like E3 ubiquitin ligase TrafE coordinates ESCRT and autophagy in endolysosomal damage response and cell-autonomous immunity to Mycobacterium marinum","volume":"12","author":"Raykov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007501","article-title":"The ESCRT and autophagy machineries cooperate to repair ESX-1-dependent damage at the Mycobacterium-containing vacuole but have opposite impact on containing the infection","volume":"14","author":"L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00410","article-title":"Transcriptional responses of Dictyostelium discoideum exposed to different classes of bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Lamrabet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006344","volume":"13","author":"Cardenal-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycobacterium marinumPLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00993.x","article-title":"Flotillin and RacH modulate the intracellular immunity of Dictyostelium to Mycobacterium marinum infection","volume":"9","author":"Hagedorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2010.11.003","article-title":"Pathogen\u2013host interactions in Dictyostelium, Legionella, Mycobacterium and other pathogens","volume":"22","author":"Steinert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12437","article-title":"Lipid droplet dynamics at early stages of Mycobacterium marinum infection in Dictyostelium","volume":"17","author":"Barisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2008.05.005","article-title":"Eat, kill or die: when amoeba meets bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Cosson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S1937-6448(08)01206-9","article-title":"Phagocytosis and host\u2013pathogen interactions in Dictyostelium with a look at macrophages","volume":"271","author":"Bozzaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Rev Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R20","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-2-r20","article-title":"Comparative genomics of the social amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum and Dictyostelium purpureum","volume":"12","author":"Sucgang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169381","article-title":"Infection by tubercular mycobacteria is spread by nonlytic ejection from their amoeba hosts","volume":"323","author":"Hagedorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2010.01243.x","article-title":"STAT signaling in Dictyostelium development","volume":"53","author":"Kawata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Growth Differ."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00376-3","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT pathway in model organisms: emerging roles in cell movement","volume":"3","author":"Hou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Cell."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00649","article-title":"Superoxide signalling required for multicellular development of Dictyostelium","volume":"116","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2005.02.004","article-title":"NADPH oxidase homologs are required for normal cell differentiation and morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum","volume":"1744","author":"Lardy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2010.10.005","article-title":"Lead genetic studies in Dictyostelium discoideum and translational studies in human cells demonstrate that sphingolipids are key regulators of sensitivity to cisplatin and other anticancer drugs","volume":"22","author":"Alexander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2010.01.008","article-title":"kinases have different functions in Dictyostelium G protein-mediated signaling","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cellular Signal."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4526","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-01-0039","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2003","journal-title":"DictyosteliumMol Biol Cell."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc.2011.004","article-title":"MAPKs in development: insights from Dictyostelium signaling pathways","volume":"2","author":"Hadwiger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomol Concepts."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.077040","article-title":"complex 2 (TORC2) in Dictyostelium suppresses phagocytic nutrient capture independently of TORC1-mediated nutrient sensing","volume":"125","author":"Rosel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134011","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1134011","article-title":"The aerotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum is independent of mitochondria, nitric oxide and oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Hirose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082147","article-title":"Identifying the effects of reactive oxygen species on mitochondrial dynamics and cytoskeleton stability in Dictyostelium discoideum","volume":"10","author":"Downs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703333","article-title":"Biochemical basis of the high resistance to oxidative stress in Dictyostelium discoideum","volume":"28","author":"Katoch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.18","article-title":"Metacaspases versus caspases in development and cell fate regulation","volume":"24","author":"Minina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.012260","article-title":"Establishing Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis infection and intestinal colonization","volume":"4","author":"Everman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Open."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00523.x","volume":"7","author":"Gravato-Nobre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Caenorhabditis elegansCell Microbiol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.10.004","article-title":"Immune defense mechanisms in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal epithelium","volume":"24","author":"Pukkila-Worley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.341","article-title":"The Caenorhabditis elegans p38 MAPK Gene plays a key role in protection from mycobacteria","volume":"5","author":"Galbadage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4705-4707.2002","article-title":"Diverse bacteria are pathogens of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"70","author":"Couillault","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020183","article-title":"p38 MAPK Regulates expression of immune response genes and contributes to longevity","volume":"2","author":"Troemel","year":"2006"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1363","article-title":"Worms: the new Drosophila?","volume":"4","author":"Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-012-0382-y","article-title":"The p38 MAPK PMK-1 showss heat-induced nuclear translocation, supports chaperone expression, and affects the heat tolerance of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"18","author":"Mertensk\u00f6tter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1324805","article-title":"The C. elegans p38 MAPK pathway regulates nuclear localization of the transcription factor SKN-1 in oxidative stress response","volume":"19","author":"Inoue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114674","article-title":"Lysosome-related organelle integrity suppresses TIR-1 aggregation to restrain toxic propagation of p38 innate immunity","volume":"43","author":"Tse-Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13234","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13234","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Caenorhabditis elegansCell Microbiol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74206","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74206","article-title":"Pathogen infection and cholesterol deficiency activate the C. elegans p38 immune pathway through a TIR-1\/SARM1 phase transition","volume":"11","author":"Peterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2004.11.007","article-title":"Evolutionary perspectives on innate immunity from the study of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13603","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.13603","article-title":"The protein kinases of Caenorhabditis elegans: a model for signal transduction in multicellular organisms","volume":"96","author":"Plowman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00924","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00924-17","article-title":"An alternative STAT signaling pathway acts in viral immunity","volume":"8","author":"Tanguy","year":"2017"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwt025","article-title":"Apoptosome and inflammasome: conserved machineries for caspase activation","volume":"1","author":"Chai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8934","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168934","article-title":"Conserved and distinct elements of phagocytosis in human and","volume":"22","author":"Luk\u00e1csi","year":"2021","journal-title":"C. elegans. Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501279","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2501279","article-title":"Focus on the mechanisms and functions of pyroptosis, inflammasomes, and inflammatory caspases in infectious diseases","volume":"2022","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3390\/md17090512","article-title":"Worms' antimicrobial peptides","volume":"17","author":"Bruno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Drugs."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150299","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0299","article-title":"Antimicrobial effectors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: an outgroup to the Arthropoda","volume":"371","author":"Dierking","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7100130","article-title":"Redox signaling of NADPH oxidases regulates oxidative stress responses, immunity and aging","volume":"7","author":"Ewald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45128","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45128","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase SOD-1 modulates C. elegans pathogen avoidance behaviour","volume":"7","author":"Horspool","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01249-6","article-title":"Innate immunity: the worm fights back","volume":"12","author":"Nicholas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iyaf007","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf007","article-title":"Conserved components of the macroautophagy machinery in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"229","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00899-5","article-title":"A conserved KLF-autophagy pathway modulates nematode lifespan and mammalian age-associated vascular dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Hsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2018.04.009","article-title":"Autophagy in C. elegans development","volume":"447","author":"Palmisano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Biol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.06.027","article-title":"Actin polymerization and ESCRT trigger recruitment of the Fusogens Syntaxin-2 and EFF-1 to promote membrane repair","volume":"54","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"C. elegans. Dev Cell"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2023.08.001","article-title":"Plasma membrane repair empowers the necrotic survivors as innate immune modulators","volume":"156","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.178467","article-title":"The ESCRT-II proteins are involved in shaping the sarcoplasmic reticulum","volume":"129","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2016","journal-title":"C. elegans. J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.02.008","volume":"11","author":"Dunbar","year":"2012","journal-title":"C. elegansCell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474516","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1474516","volume":"15","author":"Cortacans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Candida albicansFront Immunol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.08.052","volume":"16","author":"Dionne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Akt"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2013.06.011","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drosophila melanogasterMicrobes Infect."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011257","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011257","volume":"19","author":"Tour\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycobacterium abscessusPLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B128","first-page":"600","volume-title":"DrosophilaMol Microbiol.","author":"Marshall","year":"2022"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks425","volume":"68","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycobacterium marinumJ Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12566","article-title":"PARKIN ubiquitin ligase mediates resistance to intracellular pathogens","volume":"501","author":"Manzanillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-12-5046","article-title":"The wingless homolog WNT5A and its receptor Frizzled-5 regulate inflammatory responses of human mononuclear cells induced by microbial stimulation","volume":"108","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3540-3550.2003","volume":"71","author":"Dionne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drosophila melanogaster"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0024023","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00240-23","volume":"91","author":"Tour\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drosophila melanogasterInfect Immun."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.12.001","article-title":"Infection in a dish: high-throughput analyses of bacterial pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Kurz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116006","volume":"309","author":"Philips","year":"2005","journal-title":"DrosophilaScience."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.08.035","article-title":"ESCRT-dependent control of membrane remodelling during cell division","volume":"74","author":"Stoten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91246","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.91246","article-title":"ESCRT-III-dependent adhesive and mechanical changes are triggered by a mechanism detecting alteration of septate junction integrity in Drosophila epithelial cells Banerjee U, editor","volume":"13","author":"de Esmangart Bournonville","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.038","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS promotes susceptibility to infection via gasdermin D-mediated necroptosis","volume":"85","author":"Weindel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167333","article-title":"Proto-pyroptosis: an ancestral origin for mammalian inflammatory cell death mechanism in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"434","author":"Dziedziech","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200512126","article-title":"The Drosophila melanogaster Apaf-1 homologue ARK is required for most, but not all, programmed cell death","volume":"172","author":"Mills","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2023.104013","article-title":"The Relish\/miR-275\/Dredd mediated negative feedback loop is crucial to restoring immune homeostasis of Drosophila Imd pathway","volume":"162","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2405719121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2405719121","article-title":"Silva CJ, et al. Microbial metabolism disrupts cytokine activity to impact host immune response","volume":"121","author":"Marshall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009223107","article-title":"Participation of the p38 pathway in Drosophila host defense against pathogenic bacteria and fungi","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.19.5421","article-title":"A Drosophila MAPKKK, D-MEKK1, mediates stress responses through activation of p38 MAPK","volume":"20","author":"Inoue","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.09.007","article-title":"MEF2 is an in vivo immune-metabolic switch","volume":"155","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.10.015","article-title":"Disease pathology: wasting energy fighting infection","volume":"16","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.05.014","article-title":"Immune\u2013metabolic interactions during systemic and enteric infection in Drosophila","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.28072","article-title":"The AMPK-PPARGC1A pathway is required for antimicrobial host defense through activation of autophagy","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12384","article-title":"JAK\/STAT signaling in insect innate immunity","author":"Bang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entomol Res."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuad011","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad011","volume":"47","author":"Asai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Galleria mellonellaFEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467016","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1467016","article-title":"Systematic review of innate immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in animal models","volume":"15","author":"Nieto Ramirez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1491255","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Galleria mellonellaVirulence."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2119657","volume":"13","author":"Asai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Galleria mellonellaVirulence."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02630","volume":"10","author":"Asai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Galleria mellonellaFront Microbiol."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619981","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.619981","article-title":"Innate immune responses of Galleria mellonella to Mycobacterium bovis BCG challenge identified using proteomic and molecular approaches","volume":"11","author":"Asai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02539","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02539-17","article-title":"Establishment and validation of Galleria mellonella as a novel model organism to study Mycobacterium abscessus infection, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"62","author":"Meir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000696","article-title":"Evaluation of greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella, as a novel in vivo model for non-tuberculosis mycobacteria infections and antibiotic treatments","volume":"67","author":"Entwistle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftz051","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftz051","article-title":"Non-pigmented rapidly growing mycobacteria smooth and rough colony phenotypes pathogenicity evaluated using in vitro and experimental models","volume":"77","author":"Garc\u00eda-Coca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-018-0152-3","article-title":"Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of higenamine using Galleria mellonella as an in vivo infection model","volume":"8","author":"Erasto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Prod Bioprospect."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2023.107975","article-title":"Investigating bacterial infections in Galleria mellonella larvae: Insights into pathogen dissemination and behavior","volume":"200","author":"Admella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Invertebr Pathol."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1731137","article-title":"Immune priming: the secret weapon of the insect world","volume":"11","author":"Sheehan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2014_1942","article-title":"Activation of MAP kinase pathways in Galleria mellonella infected with Bacillus thuringiensis","volume":"61","author":"Wojda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583375","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1583375","article-title":"AliC and AliD of nonencapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae enhance virulence in a Galleria mellonella model of infection by contributing to reactive oxygen species resistance","volume":"15","author":"Thompson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1504","article-title":"detection of reactive oxygen species in hemolymph of Galleria mellonella and Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Lepidoptera) larvae","volume":"264","author":"Slepneva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2012.01152.x","article-title":"Expression of autophagy 8 (Atg8) and its role in the midgut and other organs of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, during metamorphic remodelling and under starvation","volume":"21","author":"Khoa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228407","volume":"15","author":"Kazek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conidiobolus coronatusPLoS One."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774086","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.774086","article-title":"Infection of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae with the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales) induces apoptosis of hemocytes and affects the concentration of eicosanoids in the hemolymph","volume":"12","author":"Wro\u0144ska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2502577122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2502577122","article-title":"N-acetyltransferases required for iron uptake and aminoglycoside resistance promote virulence lipid production in Mycobacterium marinum","volume":"122","author":"Jones","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493221","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2493221","article-title":"Interplay of Mycobacterium abscessus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in experimental models of coinfection: biofilm dynamics and host immune response","volume":"16","author":"Campo-P\u00e9rez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00311","article-title":"Optimization and characterization of a Galleria mellonella larval infection model for virulence studies and the evaluation of therapeutics against Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"10","author":"Cools","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B171","first-page":"782733","volume-title":"Galleria mellonellaFront Cell Infect Microbiol.","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2021"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.016089","article-title":"Fit for consumption: zebrafish as a model for tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Cronan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix329","article-title":"A Zebrafish model of Mycobacterium leprae granulomatous infection","volume":"216","author":"Madigan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0522-4","article-title":"Protection and pathology in TB: learning from the zebrafish model","volume":"38","author":"Meijer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2023.11.011","article-title":"Modeling nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in zebrafish","volume":"32","author":"Johansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6108","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00887-06","volume":"74","author":"Swaim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mycobacterium marinumInfect Immun."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2013.78.023283","article-title":"The Zebrafish guide to tuberculosis immunity and treatment","volume":"78","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12847","article-title":"Heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis protects zebrafish against mycobacteriosis","volume":"41","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fish Dis."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adgen.2016.04.004","article-title":"Transcriptomic approaches in the zebrafish model for tuberculosis-insights into host- and pathogen-specific determinants of the innate immune response","volume":"95","author":"Benard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Genet."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14838","article-title":"A fresh look at mycobacterial pathogenicity with the zebrafish host model","volume":"117","author":"Varela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010843","article-title":"Functional analysis of a zebrafish myd88 mutant identifies key transcriptional components of the innate immune system","volume":"6","author":"van der Vaart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790482","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/790482","article-title":"Modeling innate immune response to early Mycobacterium infection","volume":"2012","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000366103","article-title":"et al. Macrophage-expressed Perforins Mpeg1 and Mpeg12 have an anti-bacterial function in zebrafish","volume":"7","author":"Benard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01018","article-title":"Buruli ulcer: The efficacy of innate immune defense may be a key determinant for the outcome of infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"11","author":"R\u00f6ltgen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00832","article-title":"RNAseq profiling of leukocyte populations in zebrafish larvae reveals a cxcl11 chemokine gene as a marker of macrophage polarization during mycobacterial infection","volume":"10","author":"Rougeot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011795677809","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions made transparent with the zebrafish model","volume":"12","author":"Meijer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.135194","article-title":"Efferocytosis and extrusion of leukocytes determine the progression of early mycobacterial pathogenesis","volume":"129","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801139","article-title":"Hif-1\u03b1-induced expression of Il-1\u03b2 protects against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish","volume":"202","author":"Ogryzko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95980","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.95980","article-title":"Tribbles1 is host protective during in vivo mycobacterial infection","volume":"13","author":"Hammond","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a018499","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018499","article-title":"Immunity and immunopathology in the tuberculous granuloma","volume":"5","author":"Pag\u00e1n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12060817","article-title":"Using zebrafish to dissect the interaction of mycobacteria with the autophagic machinery in macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.03.024","article-title":"Specificity of the zebrafish host transcriptome response to acute and chronic mycobacterial infection and the role of innate and adaptive immune components","volume":"46","author":"van der Sar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.09.020","article-title":"JAK-STAT signaling pathway, immunodeficiency, inflammation, immune dysregulation, and inborn errors of immunity","volume":"155","author":"Samra","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252744","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1252744","article-title":"Evolutionary, comparative, and functional analyses of STATs and regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway in lumpfish upon bacterial and poly(I:C) exposure","volume":"13","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893611","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.893611","article-title":"Negative regulator Nlrc3-like maintain the balanced innate immune response during mycobacterial infection in zebrafish","volume":"13","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331818","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1331818","article-title":"Xenophagy receptors Optn and p62 and autophagy modulator Dram1 independently promote the zebrafish host defense against Mycobacterium marinum","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112372","article-title":"Autophagy and Lc3-associated phagocytosis in zebrafish models of bacterial infections","volume":"9","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.007","article-title":"mycobacterial acid tolerance enables phagolysosomal survival and establishment of tuberculous infection In Vivo","volume":"20","author":"Levitte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70080","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.70080","article-title":"Zebrafish: a versatile and powerful model for biomedical research","volume":"18","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioEssays."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14613","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14613","article-title":"Evolution of complexity in the zebrafish synapse proteome","volume":"8","author":"Bay\u00e9s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.08.021","article-title":"The arms race between man and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: time to regroup","volume":"66","author":"Hoal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13321","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.598482","article-title":"A mycobacterial phosphoribosyltransferase promotes bacillary survival by inhibiting oxidative stress and autophagy pathways in macrophages and zebrafish","volume":"290","author":"Mohanty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12834","article-title":"Animal infection models using non-mammals","volume":"64","author":"Kaito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101679","article-title":"Complex interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress in the development of pulmonary disease","volume":"36","author":"Ornatowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2023.104756","volume":"147","author":"Prakash","year":"2023","journal-title":"DuoxDev Comp Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Tuberculosis"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1735950\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T07:36:24Z","timestamp":1765524984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1735950\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":205,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1735950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftubr.2025.1735950","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-7868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-7868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"article-number":"1735950"}}