{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:51:43Z","timestamp":1791525103007,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Tuberc."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spondylodiscitis is an important cause of spinal morbidity in tuberculosis (TB)-endemic settings, where limited microbiological capacity may complicate differentiation of tuberculous from non-tuberculous disease. Data describing the clinical spectrum and outcomes of spondylodiscitis in Somalia are limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the demographic, clinical, radiological, microbiological, treatment, and outcome characteristics of patients with spondylodiscitis and to explore factors associated with clinical outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective observational study of 121 eligible patients diagnosed with spinal infection at Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan Training and Research Hospital between 1 August 2023 and 31 July 2024. Demographic, clinical, radiological, microbiological, treatment, and outcome data were extracted from routine records. Associations were assessed using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables and Mann\u2013Whitney U or independent-samples t-tests as appropriate for continuous variables. Outcome comparisons were restricted to patients with documented follow-up; multivariable logistic regression was not retained because only 19 unfavorable outcomes were available and outcome ascertainment was incomplete.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age was 48.8\u2009\u00b1\u200918.1 years and 53.7% were male. Back pain (92.6%) and radicular pain (82.6%) were the most frequent presenting symptoms. Neurological deficit was documented in 46.3% and spinal deformity in 38.0%. Lumbar involvement was most common (48.8%), followed by thoracic involvement (25.6%); anterior-column involvement occurred in 97.5%. Epidural abscess was identified in 69.4% and is reported here as a radiological finding. Microbiological or histopathological testing was performed in 46 patients; 30 were TB-positive, corresponding to 65.2% positivity among tested patients and 24.8% confirmed TB among the total cohort. Eighty-five patients (70.2%) received empirical anti-TB treatment. Among 65 patients with documented follow-up, 46 (70.8%) achieved favorable outcomes. In bivariate analysis, TB exposure history was associated with outcome (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), whereas operative\/procedural intervention was not significantly associated with outcome (Fisher's exact\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.399).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spondylodiscitis in this Somali tertiary-care cohort showed a substantial burden of neurological and radiological complications and a high proportion of empiric TB treatment. Because microbiological confirmation was limited and follow-up was incomplete, the observed confirmed TB proportion and favorable-outcome estimate should not be interpreted as population-level estimates. Prospective multicenter studies with systematic microbiological testing and complete follow-up are needed to clarify the etiological spectrum and prognostic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftubr.2026.1971442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:30:18Z","timestamp":1791523818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spondylodiscitis in a tuberculosis-endemic setting in Somalia: epidemiological, clinical, radiological, and outcome findings from a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Hussein","family":"Salad Yusuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdirisak Ali","family":"Abukar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Said","family":"Adan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdiaziz Siad","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakariye Yusuf","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustaf Abdi","family":"Ulusow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Osman Dahir","family":"Alasow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdiwahid Ahmed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naimo Awil","family":"Dahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v14.i5.275","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the spine","volume":"14","author":"Leowattana","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2014.8.1.97","article-title":"Tuberculosis of spine: current views in diagnosis and management","volume":"8","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2388-7","article-title":"Historical aspects of pott\u2019s disease 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