{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:38:16Z","timestamp":1787067496630,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intensive livestock farming has become indispensable to meet the rapidly increasing demand for animal-based nutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where antimicrobials are frequently used for treatment and prophylactic or metaphylactic purposes. However, very little is known about the trends of antimicrobial use (AMU) in dairy animals in LMICs. The objective of this study was to quantify AMU in two large commercial dairy farms in Pakistan. A retrospective study was conducted at two large corporate commercial dairy farms located in Punjab province for the year 2018. AMU was calculated using three metrics: active ingredient (AI; kg) and milligrams per population unit (mg\/PU; mg\/kg), which quantifies the amount of AI used, and antimicrobial treatment incidence (ATI; DDDA\/1,000 cow-days), which estimates the per-day number of treatments to 1,000 cows. Total on-farm AMU was found to be 138.34 kg, 65.88 mg\/kg, and 47.71 DDDA\/1,000 cow-days. Measured in ATI, aminoglycosides (11.05 DDDA\/1,000 cow-days), penicillins (8.29 DDDA\/1,000 cow-days), and tetracyclines (8.1 DDDA\/1,000 cow-days) were the most frequently used antimicrobial classes. A total of 42.46% of all the antimicrobials used belonged to the critically important antimicrobials for human medicine as defined by the World Health Organization. Considerably high AMU was found compared to other farm-level studies across the world. This was the first study to quantify AMU in the dairy industry in Pakistan. Our results showed that corporate commercial dairy management practices are associated with increased antimicrobial consumption and highlight the need for antimicrobial stewardship programs to encourage prudent use of antimicrobials in commercial dairy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.575848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:02:12Z","timestamp":1606348932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["First Case Report on Quantification of Antimicrobial Use in Corporate Dairy Farms in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Umair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana Muhammad","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hassan","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qasim","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariha","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jabir","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Asif","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashkoor","family":"Mohsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0294-9","article-title":"World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals","volume":"7","author":"Aidara-Kane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao1495","article-title":"Reducing antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"357","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002521","article-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in animal production sectors of low- and middle-income countries: optimizing use and addressing antimicrobial resistance","volume":"15","author":"Schar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Levin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"O'NeillJ\n          Antimicrobials in Agriculture and the Environment: Reducing Unnecessary Use and Waste2016"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0671-7","article-title":"An estimation of total antimicrobial usage in humans and animals in Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"Carrique-Mas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fix185","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix185","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and the environment: assessment of advances, gaps and recommendations for agriculture, aquaculture and pharmaceutical manufacturing","volume":"94","author":"Topp","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070372","article-title":"Drivers of antibiotic resistance transmission in low-and middle-income countries from a \u201cone health\u201d perspective\u2014a review","volume":"9","author":"Iskandar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208447","article-title":"Opportunities and barriers to implementing antibiotic stewardship in low and middle-income countries: Lessons from a mixed-methods study in a tertiary care hospital in Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Gebretekle","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"World Health Assembly Addresses Antimicrobial Resistance, Immunization Gaps and Malnutrition2015"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"National AMR Action Plan for Pakistan2017"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"FAOSTAT"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Agricultural Census 2010 - 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