{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:53:59Z","timestamp":1782752039440,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015720","name":"Cleveland Zoological Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.583032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T05:49:45Z","timestamp":1603345785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Environmental factors associated With Toxoplasma gondii Exposure in Neotropical Primates of Costa Rica"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Niehaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Sp\u00ednola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Rico-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos N.","family":"Ibarra-Cerde\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Suz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo A.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Espeleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"338","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans","author":"Dubey","year":"2010"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369542-0\/50008-8","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in wild and domestic animals","volume-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: The Model Apicomplexan. Perspectives and Methods","author":"Lindsay","year":"2007"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"117","article-title":"Phylum Apicomplexa: Gregarines, Coccidia, and related organisms","volume-title":"En Foundations of Parasitology","author":"Roberts","year":"2000"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.4.636","article-title":"The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces","volume":"132","author":"Dubey","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.10.006","article-title":"Molecules to modeling: Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at the human-animal-environment interface","volume":"36","author":"VanWormer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microb"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078035","article-title":"Recent expansion of Toxoplasma through enhanced oral transmission","volume":"299","author":"Su","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"329","article-title":"Cockroaches as transport hosts of the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"42","author":"Chinchilla","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev Biol Trop"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991270","article-title":"Local meteorological conditions, dynamics of seroconversion to Toxoplasma gondii in cats (Felis catus) and oocyst burden in a rural environment","volume":"138","author":"Afonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol infect"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.07.011","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Jerusalem cats","volume":"124","author":"Salant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-004-6518-3","article-title":"North Atlantic weather oscillation and human infectious diseases in the Czech Republic, 1951\u20132003","volume":"20","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.06.010","article-title":"Factors affecting the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from Spain","volume":"123","author":"Almer\u00eda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.01.028","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in roe deer from Spain","volume":"153","author":"Gamarra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.07.010","article-title":"Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in an urban population of domestic cats (Felis catus)","volume":"36","author":"Afonso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.09.006","article-title":"Environmental determinants of spatial and temporal variations in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in its definitive hosts","volume":"2","author":"Afonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.145","article-title":"Home range, habitat use, and activity patterns of free-roaming domestic cats","volume":"75","author":"Horn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003320","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in prey species and consequences for prevalence in feral cats: Not all prey species are equal","volume":"134","author":"Afonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.2.456","article-title":"Ecologic correlates of Toxoplasma gondii exposure in free-ranging neotropical mammals","volume":"39","author":"De Thoisy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00060.x","article-title":"Body mass as a predictive variable of homerange size among Italian mammals and birds","volume":"269","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Zool."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"145","article-title":"Voedselkeuze, terreingebruik en aantalsregulatie van in het veld operende huiskatten Felis catus L","volume":"29","author":"Niewold","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lutra."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/153036602760260733","article-title":"Serologic survey of Toxoplasma gondii in noncarnivorous free-ranging neotropical mammals in French Guiana","volume":"2","author":"Carme","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vector Borne and Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-240","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Myocastor coypus in a protected Italian wetland","volume":"23","author":"Nardoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vect."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7181-3_9","article-title":"Neotropical primates and their susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii: new insights for an old problem","volume-title":"Primates, Pathogens, and Evolution, Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects","author":"Cat\u00e3o-Dias","year":"2013"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612010000100006","article-title":"Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in experimentally and naturally infected non-human primates by Indirect Fluorescence Assay (IFA) and indirect ELISA","volume":"19","author":"Bouer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revist Brasil Parasitol Vet."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.06.004","article-title":"Sero-epidemiological survey for toxoplasmosis in wild New World monkeys (Cebus spp., Alouatta caraya) at the Paran\u00e1 river basin, Paran\u00e1 State, Brazil","volume":"133","author":"Garcia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"307","article-title":"Occurrence of infection Leishmania spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in monkeys (Cebus apella) from Campo Grande, MS","volume":"17","author":"Leite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Revist Brasil Parasitol Vet."},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"The Complete Capuchin\u2014the Biology of the Genus Cebus","author":"Fragaszy","year":"2004"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Alouatta palliata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39960A10280447 Cuar\u00f3nAD SheddenA Rodriguez-LunaE de GrammontPC LinkA PalaciosE 2008"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"Ateles geoffroyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Cuar\u00f3nAD MoralesA SheddenA Rodriguez-LunaE de GrammontPC Cort\u00e9s-OrtizL 2008"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"Cebus capucinus ssp. capucinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Cuar\u00f3nAD MoralesA SheddenA Rodriguez-LunaE de GrammontPC 2008"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Saimiri oerstedii ssp. citrinellus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Cuar\u00f3nAD MoralesA SheddenA Rodriguez-LunaE de GrammontPC 2008"},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"Saimiri oerstedii ssp. oerstedii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Cuar\u00f3nAD MoralesA SheddenA Rodriguez-LunaE de GrammontPC 2008"},{"key":"B33","unstructured":""},{"key":"B34","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Breve descripci\u00f3n del estado de los recursos forestales de Costa Rica. En: Kleinn C y Davis R. Memoria del Taller sobre el programa de evaluaci\u00f3n de los recursos forestales en once pa\u00edses latinoamericanos","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"1999"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2007.07.033","article-title":"Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica","volume":"65","author":"Pagiola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol Econom"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"LaG Decreto ejecutivo N\u00b0 33-106 MINAE. Poder ejecutivo de Costa Rica2006"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Gu\u00eda pr\u00e1ctica para el dise\u00f1o, oficializaci\u00f3n y consolidaci\u00f3n de corredores biol\u00f3gicos en Costa Rica","year":"2008"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20919","article-title":"The effects of provisioning and crop-raiding on the diet and foraging activities of human-commensal white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus)","volume":"73","author":"McKinney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0402.980202","article-title":"Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research: the missing link?","volume":"4","author":"Wolfe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-291R","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka","volume":"90","author":"Ekanayake","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Estudio de cobertura forestal de Costa Rica 2009\u20132010","year":"2012"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"101","article-title":"Still searching the rich coast: Biodiversity of Costa Rica, numbers, processes, patterns, and challenges","volume-title":"Global Biodiversity Volume 4: Selected countries in the Americas and Australia.","author":"Avalos","year":"2019"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000156567","article-title":"Field methods for capture and measurement of three monkey species in Costa Rica","volume":"57","author":"Glander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Folia Primatol."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Introducci\u00f3n al estudio de la salud de los primates neotropicales: M\u00f3dulo 4","author":"Varela","year":"2006"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"718","volume-title":"Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immovilization and Anesthesia","author":"West","year":"2007"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.11.6.562-568","article-title":"Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection: method for increasing sensitivity and specificity","volume":"11","author":"Desmonts","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01426.x","article-title":"Serological responses of equids fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts","volume":"19","author":"Dubey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Equine Vet J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.12760","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"25","author":"Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Climatol."},{"key":"B49","first-page":"488","volume-title":"The Mammals of Costa Rica, A Natural History and Field Guide","author":"Wainwright","year":"2007"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing2013"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2012001000017","article-title":"Infection by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"32","author":"Pires","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pesquisa Vet Brasil"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657v71p5072004","article-title":"Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sorol\u00f3gica de infec\u00e7\u00e3o por Toxoplasma gondii em col\u00f4nia de macacos da esp\u00e9cie Macaca mulatta","volume":"71","author":"Valentini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arquivos do Instituto Biol S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12112","article-title":"Sero-epidemiological survey for brucellosis, leptospirosis, and toxoplasmosis in free-ranging Alouatta caraya and Callithrix penicillata from Sao Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Molina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Primatol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1008","article-title":"Health evaluation of translocated free-ranging primates in FrenchGuiana","volume":"54","author":"de Thoisy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Primatol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029549","article-title":"Seropositivity and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds from Spain","volume":"6","author":"Cabez\u00f3n","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.3.480","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in wild mammals from the Czech Republic","volume":"33","author":"Hejlicek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2307\/2388292","article-title":"Use of a ground-water source by mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata)","volume":"21","author":"Gilbert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biotropica."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1896\/1413-4705.13.1.1","article-title":"Deslocamento terrestre e o comportamento de beber em um grupo de barbados (Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera, 1940) em Minas Gerais, Brasil","volume":"13","author":"Almeida-Silva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neotrop Primates."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"596","volume-title":"Primate Adaptation and Evolution","author":"Fleagle","year":"1999"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Integraci\u00f3n de la Conservaci\u00f3n con el Desarrollo en el Proyecto de Riego Arenal-Tempisque","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"1985"},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"White-Faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus) of Cahuita National Park. Costa Rica: Human foods and Human Interactions","author":"Campbell","year":""},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.2307\/3278604","article-title":"Isolation of Toxoplasma from soil","volume":"59","author":"Ruiz","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.439","article-title":"Soil survival of Toxoplasma oocysts in Kansas and Costa Rica","volume":"24","author":"Frenkel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-31.1.15","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild mammals of Missouri and east central Kansas: biologic and ecologic considerations of trans- mission","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12458","article-title":"Strain hypothesis of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the outcome of human diseases","volume":"213","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.12.010","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Central and South America revealed high diversity within and between populations infection","volume":"12","author":"Rajendran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet Evol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.09.003","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from Brazilian wildlife revealed abundant new genotypes","volume":"3","author":"Vitaliano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2018.11.001","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from free-living wild birds rescued in Southeastern Brazil","volume":"7","author":"R\u00eago","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B69","first-page":"846","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of three chronic strains of Toxoplasma gondii, isolated in Costa Rica","volume":"15","author":"Vethencourt","year":"2019","journal-title":"EC Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.08.1030","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of various serologic tests for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in naturally infected sows","volume":"56","author":"Dubey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001316","article-title":"Validation of the modified agglutination test for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens by using cat and mouse bioassay","volume":"143","author":"Dubey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.583032\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T07:31:29Z","timestamp":1723793489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.583032\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2020.583032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.583032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"article-number":"583032"}}