{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:53:41Z","timestamp":1787496821545,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine optic neuritis has been attributed to a focal or disseminated form of granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) amongst other etiologies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proven to help differentiate the structures within the optic nerve sheath and therefore could aid the diagnosis of optic neuritis in dogs. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the MRI abnormalities affecting the optic nerve sheath complex and optic chiasm in dogs with clinically suspected optic neuritis as a component of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) or as an isolated form (I-ON). Retrospective evaluation of patient details, clinical signs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and MRI findings of dogs with clinically suspected optic neuritis between January 2011 and May 2018 was performed. Eighteen dogs met the inclusion criteria. MRI findings included contrast enhancement of both optic nerves (11\/18) and optic chiasm (6\/18), changes within the CSF volume surrounding the optic nerve (10\/18), changes to the optic disc (10\/18), changes of size or signal affecting the optic chiasm (10\/18), changes in the Short TI inversion recovery (STIR) signal of the optic nerve (7\/15), retrobulbar changes (3\/18), and concurrent brain lesions (13\/18). A variety of subtle MRI features may indicate optic nerve involvement and low-field MRI is a sensitive method to detect changes within the optic nerve sheath complex in dogs with optic neuritis as an isolated form (I-ON) or as an extension of MUE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.585828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T02:54:00Z","timestamp":1609988040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 18 Dogs With Presumed Optic Neuritis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Mu\u00f1iz Moris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giunio Bruto","family":"Cherubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"Caine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Maggs","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12528","article-title":"Optic neuritis in dogs: 96 cases (1983-2016)","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-58-2-86","article-title":"Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: a review","volume":"58","author":"O'Neill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Irish Vet J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00172.x","article-title":"Combined cytosine arabinoside and prednisone therapy for meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology in 10 dogs","volume":"47","author":"Zarfoss","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.07.009","article-title":"Perspectives on meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin","volume":"44","author":"Coates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00823.x","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous and necrotising inflammatory disorders of the canine central nervous system: a review and future perspectives","volume":"51","author":"Talarico","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"746","article-title":"The Eye","volume-title":"Miller's Anatomy of the Dog","author":"Murphy","year":"2013"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.00427.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve","volume":"49","author":"Boroffka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultras."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00865.x","article-title":"A review of orbital and intracranial magnetic resonance imaging in 79 canine and 13 feline patients (2004-2010)","volume":"14","author":"Armour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00814.x","article-title":"Acute postretinal blindness: ophthalmologic, neurologic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs and cats (seven cases)","volume":"13","author":"Seruca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.233","article-title":"Ocular granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog: magnetic resonance images and clinical findings","volume":"71","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.4.110","article-title":"Characteristics of magnetic resonance images of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in 11 dogs","volume":"159","author":"Cherubini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.11.024","article-title":"The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: Part II - 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