{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:34:21Z","timestamp":1792499661555,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks transmit a variety of pathogens affecting both human and animal health. In temperate and cold regions of Europe (Western, Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe), the most relevant zoonotic tick-borne pathogens are tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV),<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>spp. and<jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>. More rarely,<jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>spp.,<jats:italic>Neoehrlichia mikurensis<\/jats:italic>, and zoonotic<jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>spp. are identified as a cause of human disease. Domestic animals may also be clinically affected by these pathogens, and, furthermore, can be regarded as sentinel hosts for their occurrence in a certain area, or even play a role as reservoirs or amplifying hosts. For example, viraemic ruminants may transmit TBEV to humans via raw milk products. This review summarizes the role of domestic animals, including ruminants, horses, dogs, and cats, in the ecology of TBEV,<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>spp.,<jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum, Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>spp.,<jats:italic>N. mikurensis<\/jats:italic>, and zoonotic<jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>species. It gives an overview on the (sero-)prevalence of these infectious agents in domestic animals in temperate\/cold regions of Europe, based on 148 individual prevalence studies. Meta-analyses of seroprevalence in asymptomatic animals estimated an overall seroprevalence of 2.7% for TBEV, 12.9% for<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu lato (s.l.), 16.2% for<jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>and 7.4% for<jats:italic>Babesia divergens<\/jats:italic>, with a high level of heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses with regard to animal species, diagnostic test, geographical region and decade of sampling were mostly non-significant, with the exception of significantly lower<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>s.l. seroprevalences in dogs than in horses and cattle. More surveillance studies employing highly sensitive and specific test methods and including hitherto non-investigated regions are needed to determine if and how global changes in terms of climate, land use, agricultural practices and human behavior impact the frequency of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in domestic animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.604910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T05:44:20Z","timestamp":1607579060000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Zoonotic Tick-Borne Pathogens in Temperate and Cold Regions of Europe\u2014A Review on the Prevalence in Domestic Animals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Springer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Katharina","family":"Topp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Strube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Zoonoses [Meeting Held in Geneva from 6 to 12 December 1966]: Third Report","year":"1967"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.15","article-title":"How a multidisciplinary \u2018One health\u2019 approach can combat the tick-borne pathogen threat in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Vayssier-Taussat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.10.015","article-title":"Geographical distribution of Dermacentor marginatus and Dermacentor reticulatus in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Rubel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101414","article-title":"Dermacentor reticulatus is a vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"11","author":"Li\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101388","article-title":"The distribution limit of the common tick, Ixodes ricinus, and some associated pathogens in north-western Europe","volume":"11","author":"Hvidsten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-11","article-title":"Climate and environmental change drives Ixodes ricinus geographical expansion at the northern range margin","volume":"7","author":"Jore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.05.004","article-title":"The vertical distribution, density and the development of the tick Ixodes ricinus in mountain areas influenced by climate changes (The Krkono\u0161e Mts., Czech Republic)","volume":"298","author":"Materna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.09.003","article-title":"Mapping of Dermacentor reticulatus expansion in Poland in 2012\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"Mierzejewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.01.013","article-title":"Evidence for an increased geographical distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Germany and detection of Rickettsia sp","volume":"296","author":"Dautel","year":"2006","journal-title":"RpA4. Int J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.05.007","article-title":"New localities of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in the baltic countries","volume":"6","author":"Paulauskas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578220","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.578220","article-title":"The spatial distribution of Dermacentor ticks (Ixodidae) in Germany - evidence of a continuing spread of Dermacentor reticulatus","volume":"7","author":"Drehmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdw017","article-title":"An estimate of lyme borreliosis incidence in Western Europe","volume":"39","author":"Sykes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Public Health."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.2807\/esw.11.25.02978-en","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in the Netherlands: strong increase in GP consultations and hospital admissions in past 10 years","volume":"11","author":"Hofhuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05018-2","article-title":"A descriptive epidemiological study of the incidence of newly diagnosed lyme disease cases in a UK primary care cohort, 1998-2016","volume":"20","author":"Tulloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18916","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.26.18916-en","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond \u2013 the epidemiological situation as of 2007","volume":"13","author":"S\u00fcss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.10.008","article-title":"Emergence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in the Netherlands","volume":"10","author":"Dekker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.191085","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus, United Kingdom","volume":"26","author":"Holding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"p. 295","article-title":"Emerging tick-borne bacterial pathogens","volume-title":"Emerging Infections","author":"Kernif","year":"2016"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-4-804","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic analysis of Borrelia miyamotoi sp. nov., isolated from the ixodid tick Ixodes persulcatus, the vector for Lyme Disease in Japan","volume":"45","author":"Fukunaga","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101474","article-title":"Humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi, Russia","volume":"17","author":"Platonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63260-0","article-title":"Ultrastructure and phylogenetic analysis of \u2018Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u2019 in the family Anaplasmataceae, isolated from wild rats and found in Ixodes ovatus ticks","volume":"54","author":"Kawahara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02423-09","article-title":"First case of human \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d infection in a febrile patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"48","author":"Welinder-Olsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02327-10","article-title":"\u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d infection in a dog from Germany","volume":"49","author":"Diniz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2009.11.003","article-title":"Zoonotic babesiosis: overview of the disease and novel aspects of pathogen identity","volume":"1","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0100-5","article-title":"Epidemiology and distribution of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"162","author":"Dobler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"40","article-title":"meta: an R package for meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"R News."},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2018"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.12.018","article-title":"Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"32","author":"Maulik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p. 323","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21396-0_17","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: from microfocus to human disease","volume-title":"Progress in Parasitology","author":"Dobler","year":"2011"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.05.001","article-title":"Review: sentinels of tick-borne encephalitis risk","volume":"6","author":"Imhoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"4","article-title":"Comparative tick-borne encephalitis (virus) surveillance in Belgium 2009-2015: experiences with diagnostic tests, sentinel species and surveillance designs","volume":"1","author":"Roelandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Zoonotic Dis Public Health."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226836","article-title":"Experimental infection of lambs with tick-borne encephalitis virus and co-infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"14","author":"Paulsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000324023","article-title":"Experimental infection of goats with tick-borne encephalitis virus and the possibilities to prevent virus transmission by raw goat milk","volume":"55","author":"Balogh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intervirology."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.10.003","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak in hungary due to consumption of raw goat milk","volume":"163","author":"Balogh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol Methods."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.15.17-00336","article-title":"A cluster of two human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) transmitted by unpasteurised goat milk and cheese in Germany, May 2016","volume":"23","author":"Brockmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1192-3","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in a naturally infected sheep","volume":"13","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"383","article-title":"Zeckenenzephalitis bei einer Ziege im untern Pr\u00e4ttigau","volume":"125","author":"Zindel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-78","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) \u2013 findings on cross reactivity and longevity of TBEV antibodies in animal sera","volume":"10","author":"Klaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.58","article-title":"Attempt to detect evidence for tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks and mammalian wildlife in the Netherlands","volume":"5","author":"van der Poel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.082","article-title":"Serological survey of domestic animals for tick-borne encephalitis and Bhanja viruses in northeastern Hungary","volume":"135","author":"\u0160ikutov\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12554","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in cows and unpasteurized cow milk from Norway","volume":"66","author":"Paulsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.09.011","article-title":"Goats and sheep as sentinels for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus \u2013 epidemiological studies in areas endemic and non-endemic for TBE virus in Germany","volume":"3","author":"Klaus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00072","article-title":"Detection of tick-borne pathogens in lambs undergoing prophylactic treatment against ticks on two Swedish farms","volume":"5","author":"Grandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-1-109","article-title":"Sequencing and antigenic studies of a Norwegian virus isolated from encephalomyelitic sheep confirm the existence of louping ill virus outside Great Britain and Ireland","volume":"74","author":"Gao","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.04.012","article-title":"Detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus antibodies in sera of sheep and goats in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (north-eastern Germany)","volume":"10","author":"Frimmel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.04.006","article-title":"First detection of TBE virus in ticks and sero-reactivity in goats in a non-endemic region in the southern part of Switzerland (Canton of Ticino)","volume":"10","author":"Casati Pagani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2020_212","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in domestic animals","volume":"64","author":"Salat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"227","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in the horse","volume":"123","author":"Waldvogel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.12.041","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in horses: clinical and laboratory findings and epidemiological investigations","volume":"163","author":"Klaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-59","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in dogs - is this an issue?","volume":"4","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80069-8","article-title":"Prevalence of TBE antibodies in serum and CSF of dogs with inflammatory and non-inflammatory CNS disease","volume":"291","author":"Reiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.23767\/0005-9366-128-397","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in dogs: application of \u201cnested real-time RT-PCR\u201d for intravital virus detection","volume":"128","author":"Hekrlov\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003833","article-title":"Borrelia maritima sp. nov., a novel species of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, occupying a basal position to North American species","volume":"70","author":"Margos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00609","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00609-17","article-title":"Europe-wide meta-analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"83","author":"Strnad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p. 105","DOI":"10.1079\/9781786392077.0105","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: the European perspective","volume-title":"Lyme Disease: An Evidence-based Approach","author":"Strle","year":"2018"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14209","article-title":"Outer surface protein polymorphisms linked to host-spirochete association in Lyme borreliae","volume":"111","author":"Tufts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4513-0","article-title":"Tick-borne diseases (borreliosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis) in German and Austrian dogs: status quo and review of distribution, transmission, clinical findings, diagnostics and prophylaxis","volume":"114","author":"Pantchev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15085","article-title":"ACVIM consensus update on Lyme borreliosis in dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Littman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.04.011","article-title":"Complement evasion contributes to Lyme borreliae\u2013host associations","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1248-1251.1998","article-title":"Serum complement sensitivity as a key factor in Lyme disease ecology","volume":"66","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.07.012","article-title":"Sensitivity of Borrelia genospecies to serum complement from different animals and human: a host\u2014pathogen relationship","volume":"43","author":"Bhide","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7650","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01649-10","article-title":"Elimination of Lyme disease spirochetes from ticks feeding on domestic ruminants","volume":"76","author":"Richter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1236","article-title":"Disparity of Borrelia burgdorferi infection rates of adult Ixodes dammini on deer and vegetation","volume":"167","author":"Lacombe","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001868","article-title":"Natural Lyme disease cycles maintained via sheep by co-feeding ticks","volume":"115","author":"Ogden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B65","first-page":"1468","article-title":"Arthritis and systemic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a cow","volume":"191","author":"Burgess","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.17.497","article-title":"Diagnosis of Lyme disease in two cows by the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA","volume":"146","author":"Lischer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020912618950","article-title":"Serological evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi infection associated with clinical signs in dairy cattle in Slovakia","volume":"26","author":"\u0160tefan\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(97)00200-9","article-title":"Experimental infection of cattle with several Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains; immunological heterogeneity of strains as revealed in serological tests","volume":"60","author":"Tuomi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.130.15.323","article-title":"Suspected Lyme borreliosis in sheep","volume":"130","author":"Fridriksd\u00f3ttir","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.129.14.315","article-title":"Experimental inoculation of sheep with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"129","author":"Stuen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548127","article-title":"Antibodies to Borrelia spirochetes in sera from Swedish cattle and sheep","volume":"27","author":"Hovmark","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B72","first-page":"374","article-title":"Serologic studies of the occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi in domestic animals in Berlin (West)","volume":"103","author":"K\u00e4sbohrer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(97)80242-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lyme disease in cattle and sheep, in Gironde (France)","volume":"27","author":"Cabannes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-008-0177-x","article-title":"Some epidemiological and epizootiological aspects of Lyme borreliosis in Slovakia with the emphasis on the problems of serological diagnostics","volume":"63","author":"\u0160tefan\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biologia."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.03.187","article-title":"Equine Lyme disease","volume":"33","author":"Divers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.37-1-68","article-title":"Experimental infection of ponies with Borrelia burgdorferi by exposure to ixodid ticks","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Pathol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.02.006","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of experimentally Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ponies","volume":"107","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.10.1180","article-title":"Meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a horse","volume":"237","author":"James","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811398246","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis in 2 horses","volume":"48","author":"Imai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Pathol."},{"key":"B80","first-page":"p. 70","article-title":"A new sensitive Lyme multiplex assay to confirm neuroborreliosis in horses: a case report","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners","author":"Wagner","year":"2011"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718824146","article-title":"Neuroborreliosis in a horse with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"31","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0083","article-title":"Seroprevalence survey of equine Lyme borreliosis in France and in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"Maurizi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.3.651","article-title":"Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection","volume":"167","author":"Appel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1104","article-title":"Experimental induction of chronic borreliosis in adult dogs exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi\u2013infected ticks and treated with dexamethasone","volume":"62","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2004.11.006","article-title":"Histopathological studies of experimental Lyme disease in the dog","volume":"133","author":"Summers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Compar Pathol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.1.19","article-title":"Isolation of Borrelia afzelii from dog","volume":"149","author":"Speck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1999.9694992","article-title":"Presence and distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in internal organs and skin of naturally infected symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs, as detected by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"21","author":"Hovius","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Q."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.53.2005.1.2","article-title":"Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies inducing Lyme disease in dogs from western Poland","volume":"53","author":"Skotarczak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.205.02.186","article-title":"Competence of dogs as reservoirs for Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi)","volume":"205","author":"Mather","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p. 409","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-838-4_28","article-title":"The protection of European dogs against infection with Lyme disease spirochaetes","volume-title":"Ecology and Prevention of Lyme borreliosis Ecology and Control of Vector-borne Diseases Vol 4","author":"Hovius","year":"2016"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715593598","article-title":"Evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi infection in cats after exposure to wild-caught adult Ixodes scapularis","volume":"27","author":"Lappin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.09.1507","article-title":"Experimentally induced infection of cats with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"53","author":"Burgess","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2055116919898292","article-title":"First report of Lyme borreliosis leading to cardiac bradydysrhythmia in two cats","volume":"6","author":"T\u00f8rnqvist-Johnsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JFMS Open Reports."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2018.05.002","article-title":"Evidence for clinical anaplasmosis and borreliosis in cats in Maine","volume":"33","author":"Hoyt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2019.750","article-title":"Quantifying the relationship between human Lyme disease and Borrelia burgdorferi exposure in domestic dogs","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geospat Health."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540050164164","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Swedish dogs 1991-94","volume":"32","author":"Egenvall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-3-15","article-title":"Increased prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infections in Bernese mountain dogs: a possible breed predisposition","volume":"3","author":"Gerber","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.15654\/TPK-140962","article-title":"Pr\u00e4valenz von Antik\u00f6rpern gegen Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum und bestimmte Leptospira-interrogans-Serovare bei Berner Sennenhunden","volume":"44","author":"Prey\u00df-J\u00e4geler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2376\/0005-9366-125-337","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum and their clinical relevance in dogs in Munich, Germany","volume":"125","author":"Barth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0127","article-title":"Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in dogs in the Czech Republic","volume":"9","author":"Kybicov\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2376\/0005-9366-15088","article-title":"Seropositivity of Borrelia burgdorferi in a cohort of symptomatic cats from Europe based on a C6-peptide assay with discussion of implications in disease aetiology","volume":"129","author":"Pantchev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/122804","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi s. l and Leptospira interrogans s. l. in cats in district of Brno and its environs, the Czech Republic","volume":"27","author":"\u017d\u00e1kovsk\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.21.645","article-title":"Molecular evidence of tick-transmitted infections in dogs and cats in the United Kingdom","volume":"157","author":"Shaw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800170","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.18.1800170","article-title":"A new Borrelia on the block: Borrelia miyamotoi- a human health risk?","volume":"24","author":"Cutler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209039","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis from Borrelia miyamotoi in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"368","author":"Gugliotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.152034","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi-associated neuroborreliosis in immunocompromised person","volume":"22","author":"Boden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.051552","article-title":"Modulatory effect of cattle on risk for Lyme disease","volume":"12","author":"Richter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1268-3","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi, other vector-borne agents in cat blood and ticks in Eastern Maryland","volume":"14","author":"Shannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"EcoHealth."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00061","article-title":"Opening the black box of Anaplasma phagocytophilum diversity: current situation and future perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Dugat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050898","article-title":"Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"11","author":"Dumler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3583-8","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks","volume":"12","author":"Jaarsma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.12.002","article-title":"Adaptive immunity to Anaplasma pathogens and immune dysregulation: implications for bacterial persistence","volume":"35","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07407.x","article-title":"Fatal cases of tick-borne fever (TBF) in sheep caused by several 16S rRNA gene variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"990","author":"Stuen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.11.338","article-title":"Cyclic variation in lambs infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"163","author":"Stuen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.02.005","article-title":"Recurrent bacteraemia in sheep infected persistently with Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"147","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Compar Pathol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2661-7","article-title":"Co-circulation of different A. phagocytophilum variants within cattle herds and possible reservoir role for cattle","volume":"11","author":"Lagr\u00e9e","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02051-10","article-title":"Distinct host species correlate with Anaplasma phagocytophilum ankA gene clusters","volume":"49","author":"Scharf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2004.apm11204-0503.x","article-title":"Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in animals by real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"112","author":"Hul\u00ednsk\u00e1","year":"2004","journal-title":"APMIS."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-46-167","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in north Norway. The first laboratory confirmed case","volume":"46","author":"Stuen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.5.3.325-327.1998","article-title":"Serological, hematologic and PCR studies of cattle in an area of Switzerland in which tick-borne fever (caused by Ehrlichia phagocytophila) is endemic","volume":"5","author":"Pusterla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.9.2170-2174.1996","article-title":"A 16S rRNA-based PCR assay for detection and identification of granulocytic Ehrlichia species in dogs, horses, and cattle","volume":"34","author":"Engvall","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-42-331","article-title":"Serological investigation of granulocytic Ehrlichia infection in sheep in Norway","volume":"42","author":"Stuen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-004-0191-0","article-title":"High seroprevalence of granulocytic ehrlichiosis distinguishes sheep that were the source of an alimentary epidemic of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"116","author":"Zeman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.05.044","article-title":"Emergence and genetic variability of Anaplasma species in small ruminants and ticks from central Europe","volume":"153","author":"Derd\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011181057","article-title":"PCR detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in goat flocks in an area endemic for tick-borne fever in Switzerland","volume":"18","author":"Silaghi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.e3938","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum in feral goats in Northern Ireland","volume":"170","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.10.1177-1183.2005","article-title":"Serologic cross-reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"12","author":"Dreher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005104","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development","volume":"6","author":"de la Fuente","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.10.011","article-title":"Fatal bovine anaplasmosis in a herd with new genotypes of Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma ovis and concurrent haemoplasmosis","volume":"92","author":"Hornok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.009","article-title":"Natural Anaplasmataceae infection in Rhipicephalus bursa ticks collected from sheep in the French Basque country","volume":"8","author":"Dahmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.001","article-title":"Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis 28 years later","volume":"119","author":"Saleem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbial Pathog."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0317.x","article-title":"Molecular evidence for persistence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the absence of clinical abnormalities in horses after recovery from acute experimental infection","volume":"23","author":"Franz\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.007831-0","article-title":"An entropy-optimized multilocus approach for characterizing the strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infecting horses in the Czech Republic","volume":"58","author":"Zeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B134","first-page":"185","article-title":"Serologische Untersuchungen zur H\u00e4ufigkeit und Verbreitung der equinen Ehrlichiose in der Schweiz","volume":"133","author":"Bretscher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.01.002","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses in the Czech Republic","volume":"2","author":"Praskova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.10.025","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of Theileria equi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in horses from Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia","volume":"215","author":"Slivinska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0649-0","article-title":"Guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Sainz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17706462","article-title":"Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia species infections in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management","volume":"19","author":"Pennisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.7.186","article-title":"Detection of granulocytic Ehrlichia species DNA by PCR in persistently infected dogs","volume":"146","author":"Egenvall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B140","first-page":"562","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum in einer \u00f6sterreischichen Hundepopulation: eine Pr\u00e4valenz-Studie (2001\u20132006)","volume":"7","author":"Kirtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kleintierpraxis."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00187-8","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. and demographic, clinical and tick-exposure factors in Swedish horses","volume":"49","author":"Egenvall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00087","article-title":"Detection of Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and other Anaplasmataceae and Rickettsiaceae in Canidae in Switzerland and Mediterranean countries","volume":"158","author":"Hofmann-Lehmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.12.033","article-title":"The risk of vector-borne infections in sled dogs associated with existing and new endemic areas in Poland: part 1: a population study on sled dogs during the racing season","volume":"202","author":"Bajer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.08.003","article-title":"Association between Anaplasma phagocytophilum seroprevalence in dogs and distribution of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Latvia","volume":"4","author":"Berzina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2376\/0005-9366-125-11","article-title":"Pr\u00e4valenz von h\u00e4motrophen Mycoplasma spp","volume":"125","author":"Morgenthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2371\/0005-9311-125-113","article-title":"Seroprevalence and bacteremia [corrected] of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cats from Bavaria and Lower Saxony (Germany)","volume":"125","author":"Hamel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00284-13","article-title":"A novel high-resolution melt PCR assay discriminates Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis","volume":"51","author":"Kr\u00fccken","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1584017","article-title":"Cultivation of the causative agent of human neoehrlichiosis from clinical isolates identifies vascular endothelium as a target of infection","volume":"8","author":"Wass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2017.12.011","article-title":"Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Europe","volume":"22","author":"Portillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.05.006","article-title":"Retrospective study of canine infectious haemolytic anaemia cases reveals the importance of molecular investigation in accurate postmortal diagnostic protocols","volume":"65","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.012","article-title":"Vector-borne pathogens in dogs and red foxes from the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany","volume":"224","author":"Liesner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.05.012","article-title":"Molecular evidence of a badger-associated Ehrlichia sp","volume":"9","author":"Hornok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.10.035","article-title":"Tick-borne rickettsioses in Europe","volume":"3","author":"Oteo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020150","article-title":"Evaluation of disease causality of rare Ixodes ricinus-borne infections in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Azagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B155","first-page":"851","article-title":"Studies on the pathogenesis of Rickettsia rickettsii in the dog: clinical and clinicopathologic changes of experimental infection","volume":"38","author":"Keenan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060326","article-title":"Febrile illness associated with Rickettsia conorii infection in dogs from Sicily","volume":"12","author":"Solano-Gallego","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0684","article-title":"Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) as reservoir hosts for Rickettsia conorii","volume":"12","author":"Levin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1768","article-title":"Serologic and molecular prevalence of Rickettsia helvetica and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild cervids and domestic mammals in the central parts of Sweden","volume":"15","author":"Elfving","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1715","article-title":"Seroprevalence of spotted fever group Rickettsiae in dogs in Germany","volume":"15","author":"W\u00e4chter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0745-1","article-title":"Serological differentiation of antibodies against Rickettsia helvetica, R. raoultii, R. slovaca, R. monacensis and R. felis in dogs from Germany by a micro-immunofluorescent antibody test","volume":"8","author":"W\u00e4chter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.2011.008","article-title":"Molecular evidence of vector-borne pathogens coinfecting dogs from Poland","volume":"59","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00220-09","article-title":"Molecular investigations of Rickettsia helvetica infection in dogs, foxes, humans, and Ixodes ticks","volume":"75","author":"Boretti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.02.003","article-title":"Prevalence of selected infectious agents in cats in Ireland","volume":"12","author":"Juvet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943754","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/943754","article-title":"Frequency of piroplasms Babesia microti and Cytauxzoon felis in stray cats from northern Italy","volume":"2014","author":"Spada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.622-636.2003","article-title":"Babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance","volume":"16","author":"Zintl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00649","article-title":"Emergence and epidemiology of bovine babesiosis due to Babesia divergens on a northern German beef production farm","volume":"7","author":"Springer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(88)90021-9","article-title":"Annual evolution of cattle immunity against Babesia divergens in northern Switzerland","volume":"6","author":"Gern","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00748.x","article-title":"Possible mechanisms underlying age-related resistance to bovine babesiosis","volume":"27","author":"Zintl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"B169","first-page":"421","article-title":"La babesiose bovine en Belgique. Une enqu\u00eate s\u00e9rologique en zone d'end\u00e9mie","volume":"133","author":"Losson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Med Vet."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2657-0","article-title":"Longitudinal field study on bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections during a grazing season in Belgium","volume":"110","author":"Lempereur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B171","first-page":"481","article-title":"Survey of Babesia divergens antibody kinetics in cattle in western France","volume":"28","author":"L'Hostis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003047","article-title":"Isolation of Babesia divergens from carrier cattle blood using in vitro culture","volume":"35","author":"Malandrin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.08.004","article-title":"Epidemiological study of the prevalence of Babesia divergens in a veterinary practice in the mid-east of France","volume":"125","author":"Devos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.10.022","article-title":"A vegetation index qualifying pasture edges is related to Ixodes ricinus density and to Babesia divergens seroprevalence in dairy cattle herds","volume":"185","author":"Agoulon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B175","volume-title":"Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen und zur serologischen Differenzierung von Babesien bei Rindern im westlichen Allg\u00e4u","author":"Ullmann","year":"1983"},{"key":"B176","volume-title":"Epidemiology of Babesia divergens infection in cattle in northern Germany","author":"Ganse-Dumrath","year":"1986"},{"key":"B177","volume-title":"Untersuchung von Rinderseren auf das simultane Vorkommen von Infektionen mit Borrelien (Borrelia burgdorferi) und Babesien (Babesia divergens)","author":"Niepold","year":"1990"},{"key":"B178","first-page":"335","article-title":"Tick infestation and the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia divergens in cattle in Bavaria","volume":"119","author":"Lengauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1556\/AVet.54.2006.4.7","article-title":"Babesia divergens becoming extinct in cattle of northeast Hungary: new data on the past and present situation","volume":"54","author":"Hornok","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-52-55","article-title":"Detection of Babesia divergens in southern Norway by using an immunofluorescence antibody test in cow sera","volume":"52","author":"Hasle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.08.005","article-title":"Co-infection with Babesia divergens and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle (Bos taurus), Sweden","volume":"8","author":"Andersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)33384-5","article-title":"Outbreaks of babesiasis on two farms in Scotland","volume":"134","author":"Adam","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br Vet J."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1978.11719342","article-title":"A serological survey for Babesia in cattle in Scotland II. The occurrence of antibody in the population and the distribution of infected herds","volume":"72","author":"Adam","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)30983-1","article-title":"The distribution of Babesia divergens infection within the cattle population of Northern Ireland","volume":"138","author":"Taylor","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br Vet J."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.190459","article-title":"Sheep as host species for zoonotic Babesia venatorum, United Kingdom","volume":"25","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-67-19","article-title":"Changing incidence of bovine babesiosis in Ireland","volume":"67","author":"Zintl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ir Vet J."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009020","article-title":"Babesia and its hosts: adaptation to long-lasting interactions as a way to achieve efficient transmission","volume":"40","author":"Chauvin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-34-4-496","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi sp. nov.: etiologic agent of Lyme disease","volume":"34","author":"Johnson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.604910\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T20:27:37Z","timestamp":1724012857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.604910\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"references-count":188,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2020.604910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.604910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"article-number":"604910"}}