{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T23:50:18Z","timestamp":1784245818069,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Aperfei\u00c3\u00a7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00c3-vel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["financial code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["financial code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pharmacokinetic parameters and efficacy prediction indexes (C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\/MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>and AUC<jats:sub>0\u221224<\/jats:sub>\/MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>) of an enrofloxacin hydrochloride (ENR-HCl) veterinary product soluble in water were determined in healthy broiler chickens of both sexes after a single oral dose of ENR-HCl (equivalent to 10 mg ENR base\/kg bw). Monte Carlo simulations targeting C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\/MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>= 10 and AUC<jats:sub>0\u221224<\/jats:sub>\/MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>=125 were also performed based on a set of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values of bacterial strains that induce common clinical diseases in broiler chickens and that showed to be susceptible to ENR-HCl. Plasma concentrations of ENR and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). Plasma concentration-time curves were found to fit a non-compartmental open model. The ratio of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of CIP\/ENR was 4.91%. Maximum plasma concentrations of 1.35 \u00b1 0.15 \u03bcg\/mL for ENR-HCl and 0.09 \u00b1 0.01 \u03bcg\/mL for CIP were reached at 4.00 \u00b1 0.00 h and 3.44 \u00b1 1.01 h, respectively. Areas under the plasma vs. time concentration curve in 24 h (AUC<jats:sub>0\u221224<\/jats:sub>) were 18.91 \u00b1 1.91 h \u00d7 \u03bcg\/mL and 1.19 \u00b1 0.12 h \u00d7 \u03bcg\/mL for ENR-HCl and CIP, respectively. Using a microbroth dilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>) values were determined for ENR-HCl for 10 bacterial strains (<jats:italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella<\/jats:italic>ser. Enteritidis<jats:italic>, Salmonella<\/jats:italic>ser. Gallinarum<jats:italic>, Salmonella<\/jats:italic>ser. Pullorum, and<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>ser. Typhimurium), which are the most common causes of infectious clinical diseases in broiler chickens. In summary, the PK\/PD ratios and Monte Carlo simulation were carried out for ENR-HCl in poultry, which due to its solubility was administered in drinking water. The PK\/PD efficacy prediction indexes and Monte Carlo simulations indicated that the ENR-HCl oral dose used in this study is useful for bacterial infections in treating<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>(Gram-positive),<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. ser. Enteritidis (Gram-negative) and<jats:italic>M. gallisepticum<\/jats:italic>bacteria responsible for systemic infections in poultry, predicting a success rate of 100% when MIC \u2264 0.06 \u03bcg\/mL for<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. ser. Enteritidis and MIC \u2264 0.1 \u03bcg\/mL for<jats:italic>M. gallisepticum<\/jats:italic>. For<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>, the success rate was 98.26% for MIC \u2264 0.12. However, clinical trials are needed to confirm this recommendation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.606872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T05:01:03Z","timestamp":1609995663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamic Efficacy Prediction Indexes and Monte Carlo Simulations of Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride Against Bacterial Strains That Induce Common Clinical Diseases in Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Karina P. 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