{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:07:08Z","timestamp":1782976028796,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The change characteristics of intestinal microbial succession and the correlation with the production of two important types of bacterial metabolites (short chain fatty acids and bioamine) in piglets during the early stage were fully explored in this study. Six piglets from different litters with the same birth time were selected, weighted and euthanized at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age. During this stage, the piglets grew quickly with gradual increases in blood levels of growth hormone and insulin, and in the intestinal developmental index and immunity. 16s rRNA analysis indicated the alpha diversity of colonic microbiome community was higher than ileum. However, the composition change in the ileal microbiota was more dramatic over time. <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> genus was the dominant bacteria in piglets' ileum while <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic> genera were the dominant bacteria in colon up to weaning. Gut bacterial community of the piglets showed obvious differences between the three different phases: newborn, before weaning, and post weaning. This was similar to the morphological change pattern of pigs' gut. Total SCFA content in the colon of pigs showed almost a 20-fold increase at day 42 compared to the value at day 1. The percentage of acetic acid among the total SCFAs dropped quickly from 74.5% at day 1 to 36.5% at day 42, while butyric acid and propionic acid showed significant increases at the stage. The histamine level increased and putrescine level decreased markedly in the colon with time while the amounts of total bioamines, tyramine and spermidine were devoid of changes. Dozens bacteria taxa showed highly correlations with SCFAs and bioamines. These findings provide an expanded view of the dynamic pig gut and gut microbiome at the important early growth stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.617259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T04:53:26Z","timestamp":1609822406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Changes of Gut Microbiota and Its Correlation With Short Chain Fatty Acids and Bioamine in Piglets at the Early Growth Stage"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Renli","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxiu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuohua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0308-3","article-title":"Piglet gut microbial shifts early in life: causes and effects","volume":"10","author":"Guevarra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The biological stress of early weaned piglets","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky109","article-title":"Microbiome profiling of commercial pigs from farrow to finish","volume":"96","author":"Rodas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02663","article-title":"Exogenous fecal microbiota transplantation from local adult pigs to crossbred newborn piglets","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120622","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of the microbiota composition and enterotypes of pigs from post-weaning to finishing","volume":"7","author":"Le Sciellour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-018-7486-8","article-title":"Core gut microbiota in Jinhua pigs and its correlation with strain, farm and weaning age","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0721-7","article-title":"Longitudinal investigation of the swine gut microbiome from birth to market reveals stage and growth performance associated bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1451-5","article-title":"Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens","volume":"572","author":"de Goffau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090343","article-title":"2019. Microbiota composition and functional profiling throughout the gastrointestinal tract of commercial weaning piglets. Microorganisms","volume":"7","author":"Gresse","year":"2019"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16079","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i43.16079","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Festi","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00013","article-title":"Impact of the gut microbiota on intestinal immunity mediated by tryptophan metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaan5662","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan5662","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences skeletal muscle mass and function in mice","volume":"11","author":"Lahiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7080271","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in intestinal inflammation with respect to diet and extrinsic stressors","volume":"7","author":"Lobionda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-017-0691-z","article-title":"Beneficial effects on host energy metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and vitamins produced by commensal and probiotic bacteria","volume":"16","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.027","article-title":"The central nervous system and the gut microbiome","volume":"167","author":"Sharon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194673","article-title":"Postbiotics and their potential applications in early life nutrition and beyond","volume":"20","author":"Wegh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44390-1","article-title":"Metabolomics reveals diet-derived plant polyphenols accumulate in physiological bone","volume":"9","author":"Alldritt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000688","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000688","article-title":"Urolithin A exerts antiobesity effects through enhancing adipose tissue thermogenesis in mice","volume":"18","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00004","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00004-17","article-title":"Meta-analysis to define a core microbiota in the swine gut","volume":"2","author":"Holman","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSystems."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252312000084","article-title":"The intestinal microbiome of the pig","volume":"13","author":"Isaacson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0729-2","article-title":"Maternal milk and fecal microbes guide the spatiotemporal development of mucosa-associated microbiota and barrier function in the porcine neonatal gut","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0158-0","article-title":"Role of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 in the modulation of intestinal inflammation and Candida albicans elimination","volume":"9","author":"Choteau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0160-7","article-title":"Interpreting Prevotella and Bacteroides as biomarkers of diet and lifestyle","volume":"4","author":"Gorvitovskaia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.10.001","article-title":"Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella","volume":"22","author":"Kovatcheva-Datchary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00504","article-title":"Biogenic amines: signals between commensal microbiota and gut physiology","volume":"10","author":"Sudo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.044","article-title":"Considerations on pig models for appetite, metabolic syndrome and obesetype 2 diabetes: from food intake to metabolic disease","volume":"759","author":"Koopmans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422416000020","article-title":"Critical review evaluating the pig as a model for human nutritional physiology","volume":"29","author":"Roura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.11.009","article-title":"2019. A diet-sensitive commensal lactobacillus strain mediates tlr7-dependent systemic autoimmunity","volume":"25","author":"Zegarra-Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14119","article-title":"Impact of probiotic Lactobacillus sp. on autochthonous lactobacilli in weaned piglets","volume":"126","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55328-y","article-title":"Identification of the core bacteria in rectums of diarrheic and non-diarrheic piglets","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0384-1","article-title":"Host contributes to longitudinal diversity of fecal microbiota in swine selected for lean growth","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01555","article-title":"Unraveling the fecal microbiota and metagenomic functional capacity associated with feed efficiency in pigs","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117441","article-title":"The dynamic distribution of porcine microbiota across different ages and gastrointestinal tract segments","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315543","article-title":"Potential of butyrate to influence food intake in mice and men","volume":"67","author":"Fluitman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233e243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2016.08.009","article-title":"Interplay between gut microbiota, its metabolites and human metabolism: dissecting cause from consequence","volume":"57","author":"Hartstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00207","article-title":"Subluminal focal lesions in peyer's patches in the terminal ileum of pigs fed with different physical forms of one same diet","volume":"7","author":"Cappai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10110508","article-title":"Pre-caecal disappearance of starch and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content in digesta of caecum of growing pigs fed with ripe hulled shredded acorns in their diet","volume":"11","author":"Cappai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agriculture (Switzerland)."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0173-3","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic","volume":"16","author":"Sanders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3965","article-title":"Modulating gut microbes","volume":"369","author":"Wargo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.617259\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T04:53:27Z","timestamp":1609822407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.617259\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2020.617259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.617259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"article-number":"617259"}}