{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:20:09Z","timestamp":1785162009854,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intranasal vaccinations are becoming more important in both human and animal medicine to generate a localized IgA immune response not seen with parenteral vaccinations. This localized IgA response is more effective at reducing pathogen load on the mucosal surface of a potential host. One prerequisite for a successful nasal vaccination is the need to understand the distribution pattern of the nebulized vaccine, which requires an understanding the volume of the nares as well as the mucosal surface area. The exact mucosal surface area of ruminant nares has not yet been investigated. The aim of this concept study is to provide a detailed breakdown of a new method of volumetric rendering that can be used to calculate the volume and mucosal surface area of ruminant nares from computed tomographic images. The program Seg 3D was used to perform semi-automatic segmentation of a CT scan of a 9-month-old lamb head. Threshold segmentation and manual segmentation were used in combination to select the lamb's nasal cavity. The segmentation process yielded a volumetric rendering that was used to calculate the surface area and volume of the lamb's nasal cavity, with the segmentation process was repeated for each individual side of the lamb's nares. The surface area of the mucosal surface of each nostril is approximately 448 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and the volume is approximately 45 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. The methodology described in this study successfully calculated the volume and surface area of a lamb's nares using volumetric rendering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.620647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T06:12:20Z","timestamp":1608271940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Preliminary Volumetric Calculation of the Mucosal Surface in the Nares of Lambs Using a Segmentation of Computed Tomographic Images"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"K. P.","family":"Teeling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Werling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Berner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-409X(93)90015-V","article-title":"The relevance of nasal physiology to the design of drug absorption studies","volume":"11","author":"Gizuararson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-39981-4.00015-4","article-title":"Nasal vaccine delivery","volume-title":"Micro and Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development","author":"Ramvikas","year":"2017"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"257","article-title":"Development of intranasal vaccination for the immunization of cattle against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis","volume":"15","author":"Todd","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2013.45.4.375","article-title":"Influenza vaccines: unmet needs and recent developments","volume":"45","author":"Noh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Chemother."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.297","article-title":"Challenges in mucosal vaccination of cattle","volume":"128","author":"Shewen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02786362","article-title":"Nasal lymphoid tissue, intranasal immunization, and compartmentalization of the common mucosal immune system","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.09.004","article-title":"Evidence for a common mucosal immune system in the pig","volume":"66","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"58","article-title":"Protection from parainfluenza-3 virus and persistence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in sheep vaccinated with a modified live IBR-PI-3 vaccine","volume":"49","author":"Lehmkuhl","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001147","article-title":"Enhancing oral vaccine potency by targeting intestinal M cells","volume":"6","author":"Azizi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Nasalgen\u00ae3 Tech Bulletin: Efficacy of the Bovine Parainfluenza 3 Virus Fraction of Nasalgen\u00ae 3 in Calves 6 or 7 Days Old2020"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-159.x","article-title":"Nasal lymphoid tissue (NALT) as a mucosal immune inductive site","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh033","article-title":"Effect of anatomy on human nasal air flow and odorant transport patterns: implications for olfaction","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem Senses."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.2174\/156720112803529828","article-title":"Anatomical and histological factors affecting intranasal drug and vaccine delivery","volume":"9","author":"Gizurarson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Drug Deliv."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"105","article-title":"Animal models for intranasal drug delivery studies. A review article","volume":"2","author":"Gizurarson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Nord."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0908-665x.2001.all.doc.x","article-title":"Objective measurement of nasal airway dimensions using acoustic rhinometry: methodological and clinical aspects","volume":"57","author":"Hilberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12436","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the nasal and paranasal sinuses in Egyptian native sheep (Ovis aries) using computed tomography and cross sectioning","volume":"48","author":"Awaad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12080","article-title":"Using semi-automated segmentation of computed tomography datasets for three-dimensional visualization and volume measurements of equine paranasal sinuses","volume":"54","author":"Brinkschulte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-72","article-title":"The sinonasal communication in the horse: examinations using computerized three-dimensional reformatted renderings of computed-tomography datasets","volume":"10","author":"Brinkschulte","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-018-0101-z","article-title":"3D Segmentation algorithms for computerized tomographic imaging: a systematic literature review","volume":"31","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168911","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168911","article-title":"Canine neuroanatomy: development of a 3D reconstruction and interactive application for undergraduate veterinary education","volume":"12","author":"Raffan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353592","article-title":"Comparison between manual and semi-automatic segmentation of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses from CT images","volume":"2007","author":"Tingelhoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0594-z","article-title":"Analysis of manual segmentation in paranasal CT images","volume":"265","author":"Tingelhoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-006-0041-9","article-title":"Maxillary sinus 3D segmentation and reconstruction from cone beam CT data sets","volume":"1","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"45","article-title":"Volume quantification of healthy paranasal cavity by three-dimensional CT imaging","volume":"540","author":"Kawari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-017-0400-9","article-title":"Veterinary vaccine nanotechnology: pulmonary and nasal delivery in livestock animals","volume":"7","author":"Calderon-Nieva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.620647\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T06:12:25Z","timestamp":1608271945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.620647\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2020.620647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.620647","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"article-number":"620647"}}