{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:27:38Z","timestamp":1789122458008,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is a common food-borne Gram-negative pathogen with multiple serotypes. Pullorum disease, caused by <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Pullorum, seriously threatens the poultry industry. Many previous studies were focused on the epidemiological characteristics of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infections in conventional antibiotic use poultry. However, little is known about <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infections in chicken flocks fed on antibiotic-free diets. Herein, we investigated and compared <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infections in three Chinese native breeders fed on antibiotic-free diets, including the Luhua, Langya, and Qingjiaoma chickens, and one conventional breeder, the Bairi chicken, via analyzing 360 dead embryos in 2019. The results showed that the main <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serotypes detected in a total of 155 isolates were <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Pullorum (82.6%) and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis (17.4%). Coinfection with two serotypes of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> was specifically found in Bairi chicken. The sequence type (ST) in <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Pullorum was ST92 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 96) and ST2151 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 32), whereas only ST11 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 27) was found in <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis. The <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates from three breeder flocks fed on antibiotic-free diets exhibited phenotypic heterogeneity with a great variety of drug resistance spectrum. Most of the isolates among three chicken breeds Luhua (64.9%, 50\/77), Langya (60%, 12\/20) and Qingjiaoma (58.3%, 7\/12) fed on antibiotic-free diets were resistant to only one antibiotic (erythromycin), whereas the rate of resistance to one antibiotic in conventional Bairi chicken isolates was only 4.3% (2\/46). The multidrug-resistance rate in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates from layer flocks fed on antibiotic-free diets (20.2%, 22\/109) was significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001) lower than that from chickens fed on conventional diets (93.5%, 43\/46). However, high rate of resistance to erythromycin (97.4%~100%) and streptomycin (26%~41.7%) were also found among three breeder flocks fed on antibiotic-free diets, indicating resistance to these antibiotics likely spread before antibiotic-free feeding in poultry farms. The findings of this study supplement the epidemiological data of salmonellosis and provide an example of the characteristics of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in the chicken flocks without direct antibiotic selective pressure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.607491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T05:34:19Z","timestamp":1616477659000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Characteristics of Salmonella From Chinese Native Chicken Breeds Fed on Conventional or Antibiotic-Free 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