{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:09:02Z","timestamp":1787728142849,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The viscous seminal plasma (SP) is currently a major impediment to the handling of ejaculate and the development of some biotechnologies in South American camelids. The\n                    <jats:italic>vas deferens<\/jats:italic>\n                    -collected spermatozoa of alpacas is a useful technique to avoid this problem. On the other hand, SP contains a large protein component that has been implicated in the function of spermatozoa within the female reproductive tract. In this sense, the low fertility achieved using transcervical insemination with frozen-thawed spermatozoa in alpacas could be improved by adding SP. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the whole SP on some\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    parameters of alpaca spermatozoa after the freezing-thawing-process and the fertility after artificial insemination. It would contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between thawed sperm cells and SP. Spermatozoa were obtained by surgically diverted\n                    <jats:italic>vas deferens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The samples were diluted with a Tris-based extender, packaged in straws, and frozen. At thawing, each straw was divided into two post-thawing conditions: with the addition of 10% of PBS (control) or with 10% SP (treatment). The sperm cells were evaluated using dynamic parameters, sperm cell morphology, and morphometry. Fertility was assessed by an artificial insemination trial. All\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    parameters were analyzed by ANOVA. A heterogeneity test was scheduled for the fertility trial. After the freezing-thawing process, motility and plasma membrane functionality was improved when SP was added. No differences were found for post-thaw viability between the control and treatment samples. The percentage of normal cells was higher with SP at post-thawing, and a decrease of the presence of bent tailed spermatozoa with a droplet in the SP group was observed. The length of the head spermatozoa was 3.4% higher in the samples with PBS compared to those in which SP was added. Females pregnant at day 25 post-insemination were 0\/12 (with SP inside the straw) and 1\/10 (without SP inside the straw). In conclusion, the presence of 10% SP at post-thawing improves sperm cells' motility, functionality, and morphology, indicating that it would be beneficial to improve the frozen-thawed alpaca's physiology spermatozoa. More fertility trials must be developed to increase this knowledge.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.611301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T10:20:02Z","timestamp":1612952402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Spermatozoa Obtained From Alpaca vas deferens. Effects of Seminal Plasma Added at Post-thawing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Eduardo G.","family":"Aisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfredo","family":"Huanca L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel G.","family":"P\u00e9rez Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edita","family":"Torres Mamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Villanueva Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Ousset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor H.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uri H.","family":"P\u00e9rez Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodosio","family":"Huanca Mamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2009.06.005","article-title":"Improvement of llama (Lama glama) seminal characteristics using collagenase","volume":"118","author":"Giuliano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2011.01186.x","article-title":"Evaluation of Lama glama semen viscosity with a cone-plate rotational viscometer","volume":"44","author":"Casaretto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1071\/RD12039","article-title":"\u03b2-Nerve growth factor is a major component of alpaca seminal plasma and induces ovulation in female alpacas","volume":"24","author":"Kershaw-Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Biotecnologias reproductivas en Cam\u00e9lidos Sudamericanos Dom\u00e9sticos: avances y perspectivas195201\n            HuancaW\n            CorderoA\n            HuancaT\n            AdamsGP\n          Arch Latinoam Prod Anim152007"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02100.x","article-title":"Seminal plasma components in camelids and comparisons with other species","volume":"47","author":"Kershaw-Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13597","article-title":"Incubation of frozen-thawed llama sperm with seminal plasma","volume":"52","author":"Fumuso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-072169323-1.50120-3","article-title":"Semen collection and artificial insemination in llamas and alpacas. 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