{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T10:47:44Z","timestamp":1794048464871,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003950","name":"Wolfermann-Naegeli Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008494","name":"Vontobel-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008494","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dogs play a major role in public health because of potential transmission of zoonotic diseases, such as rabies. Dog roaming behavior has been studied worldwide, including countries in Asia, Latin America, and Oceania, while studies on dog roaming behavior are lacking in Africa. Many of those studies investigated potential drivers for roaming, which could be used to refine disease control measures. However, it appears that results are often contradictory between countries, which could be caused by differences in study design or the influence of context-specific factors. Comparative studies on dog roaming behavior are needed to better understand domestic dog roaming behavior and address these discrepancies. The aim of this study was to investigate dog demography, management, and roaming behavior across four countries: Chad, Guatemala, Indonesia, and Uganda. We equipped 773 dogs with georeferenced contact sensors (106 in Chad, 303 in Guatemala, 217 in Indonesia, and 149 in Uganda) and interviewed the owners to collect information about the dog [e.g., sex, age, body condition score (BCS)] and its management (e.g., role of the dog, origin of the dog, owner-mediated transportation, confinement, vaccination, and feeding practices). Dog home range was computed using the biased random bridge method, and the core and extended home range sizes were considered. Using an AIC-based approach to select variables, country-specific linear models were developed to identify potential predictors for roaming. We highlighted similarities and differences in term of demography, dog management, and roaming behavior between countries. The median of the core home range size was 0.30 ha (95% range: 0.17\u20130.92 ha) in Chad, 0.33 ha (0.17\u20131.1 ha) in Guatemala, 0.30 ha (0.20\u20130.61 ha) in Indonesia, and 0.25 ha (0.15\u20130.72 ha) in Uganda. The median of the extended home range size was 7.7 ha (95% range: 1.1\u2013103 ha) in Chad, 5.7 ha (1.5\u201327.5 ha) in Guatemala, 5.6 ha (1.6\u201326.5 ha) in Indonesia, and 5.7 ha (1.3\u201319.1 ha) in Uganda. Factors having a significant impact on the home range size in some of the countries included being male dog (positively), being younger than one year (negatively), being older than 6 years (negatively), having a low or a high BCS (negatively), being a hunting dog (positively), being a shepherd dog (positively), and time when the dog was not supervised or restricted (positively). However, the same outcome could have an impact in a country and no impact in another. We suggest that dog roaming behavior is complex and is closely related to the owner's socioeconomic context and transportation habits and the local environment. Free-roaming domestic dogs are not completely under human control but, contrary to wildlife, they strongly depend upon humans. This particular dog\u2013human bound has to be better understood to explain their behavior and deal with free-roaming domestic dogs related issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.617900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T07:54:41Z","timestamp":1614844481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Comparative Study of Free-Roaming Domestic Dog Management and Roaming Behavior Across Four Countries: Chad, Guatemala, Indonesia, and Uganda"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Warembourg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewaldus","family":"Wera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Odoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petrus Malo","family":"Bulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Berger-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamat Fayiz","family":"Abakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Maximiano Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cunha Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Alobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin Dingamnayal","family":"Bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis Leonel","family":"L\u00f3pez Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enos","family":"Madaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Satri","family":"Meo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abakar","family":"Naminou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Roquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Hartnack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salome","family":"D\u00fcrr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111444","article-title":"Where do livestock guardian dogs go? Movement patterns of free-ranging Maremma sheepdogs","volume":"9","author":"Van Bommel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.07.008","article-title":"Roaming behaviour and home range estimation of domestic dogs in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in northern Australia using four different methods","volume":"117","author":"D\u00fcrr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.07.010","article-title":"Domestic dog roaming patterns in remote northern Australian indigenous communities and implications for disease modelling","volume":"146","author":"Hudson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000189","article-title":"Using roaming behaviours of dogs to estimate contact rates: the predicted effect on rabies spread","volume":"147","author":"Hudson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.09.008","article-title":"The social networks of free-roaming domestic dogs in island communities in the Torres Strait, Australia","volume":"181","author":"Brookes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116053","article-title":"Effects of sex and reproductive state on interactions between free-roaming domestic dogs","volume":"9","author":"Sparkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181859","article-title":"A preliminary study to estimate contact rates between free-roaming domestic dogs using novel miniature cameras","volume":"12","author":"Bombara","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12143","article-title":"Roaming behaviour of dogs in four remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, Australia: preliminary investigations","volume":"95","author":"Molloy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust Vet J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.01.021","article-title":"Can sterilization help to prevent roaming in owned dogs and cats?","volume":"129","author":"Baquero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00289","article-title":"Effects of Gender, Sterilization, and Environment on the Spatial Distribution of Free-Roaming Dogs: An Intervention Study in an Urban Setting","volume":"7","author":"Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233567","article-title":"An exploratory analysis of demography and movement patterns of dogs: new insights in the ecology of endemic Rocky Mountain-Spotted Fever in Mexicali, Mexico","volume":"15","author":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12143","article-title":"Roaming characteristics and feeding practices of village dogs scavenging sea-turtle nests","volume":"18","author":"Ruiz-Izaguirre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Conserv."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.05.022","article-title":"Movement and home range of owned free-roaming male dogs in Puerto Natales, Chile","volume":"205","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.11.011","article-title":"Effects of surgical and chemical sterilization on the behavior of free-roaming male dogs in Puerto Natales, Chile","volume":"123","author":"Garde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2015.03.001","article-title":"Fine-scale movements of rural free-ranging dogs in conservation areas in the temperate rainforest of the coastal range of southern Chile","volume":"80","author":"Sep\u00falveda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mamm Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104978","article-title":"Movement patterns of free-roaming dogs on heterogeneous urban landscapes: Implications for rabies control","volume":"178","author":"Raynor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00104","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Enumeration Techniques for Free-Roaming Dogs in Rural Baramati, District Pune, India","volume":"5","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011000874","article-title":"Role of dog behaviour and environmental fecal contamination in transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis in Tibetan communities","volume":"138","author":"Vaniscotte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001182","article-title":"Dog ownership, dog behaviour and transmission of Echinococcus spp. in the Alay Valley, southern Kyrgyzstan","volume":"140","author":"Van","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51447-8","article-title":"Investigation of the temporal roaming behaviour of free-roaming domestic dogs in Indigenous communities in northern Australia to inform rabies incursion preparedness","volume":"9","author":"Maher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040136","article-title":"Utilising group-size and home-range characteristics of free-roaming dogs (FRD) to guide mass vaccination campaigns against rabies in India","volume":"7","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881700022X","article-title":"What influences the home range size of free-roaming domestic dogs?","volume":"145","author":"D\u00fcrr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007582","article-title":"Modelling targeted rabies vaccination strategies for a domestic dog population with heterogeneous roaming patterns","volume":"13","author":"Hudson","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimating the Global Burden of Endemic Canine Rabies","volume":"9","author":"Hampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.05.003","article-title":"Spread of Leishmania infantum in Europe with dog travelling","volume":"213","author":"Maia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.03.010","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the factors associated with Leishmania infantum infection in dogs in Brazil","volume":"195","author":"Belo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.12.002","article-title":"Size and spatial distribution of stray dog population in the University of S\u00e3o Paulo campus, Brazil","volume":"110","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225022","article-title":"Estimation of free-roaming domestic dog population size: investigation of three methods including an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based approach","volume":"15","author":"Warembourg","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13120","article-title":"Bottlenecks in the provision of antenatal care: rural settled and mobile pastoralist communities in Chad","volume":"23","author":"Lechthaler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal."},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies","year":"2018"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000206","article-title":"Rabies diagnosis for developing countries","volume":"26","author":"D\u00fcrr","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf6984","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6984","article-title":"Vaccination of dogs in an African city interrupts rabies transmission and reduces human exposure","volume":"9","author":"Zinsstag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"Bandera Y Escudo Municipal Del Departamento De El Pet\u00e9n2017"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003589","article-title":"Uptake of rabies control measures by dog owners in Flores Island, Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"Wera","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.01.029","article-title":"Intention of dog owners to participate in rabies control measures in Flores Island, Indonesia","volume":"126","author":"Wera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"Strategic Framework for Elimination of Human Rabies Transmitted by Dogs in the South-East Asia Region1602012"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18174\/401889","volume-title":"Socio-economic modelling of rabies control in Flores Island","author":"Wera","year":"2017"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90145-2","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis in Uganda : baseline investigations districts","volume":"95","author":"Onapa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Scoiety Trop Hyg Med."},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"The National Population and Housing Census 2014\u2014Main Report, Kampala, Uganda2016"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198568","article-title":"Long term trends and spatial distribution of animal bite injuries and deaths due to human rabies infection in Uganda, 2001-2015","volume":"13","author":"Masiira","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006680","article-title":"The importance of dog population contact network structures in rabies transmission","volume":"12","author":"Laager","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-016-1051-8","article-title":"Short-term effects of tagging on activity and movement patterns of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber)","volume":"62","author":"Graf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Wildl Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14592","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014592","article-title":"Dynamic approach to space and habitat use based on biased random bridges","volume":"6","author":"Benhamou","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.017","article-title":"The package adehabitat for the R software: tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals","volume":"197","author":"Calenge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Modell."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.06.035","article-title":"When free-ranging dogs threaten wildlife: public attitudes toward management strategies in southern Chile","volume":"229","author":"Villatoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Environ Manage."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008317","article-title":"Long-range movements coupled with heterogeneous incubation period sustain dog rabies at the national scale in Africa","volume":"14","author":"Colombi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.11.004","article-title":"Urban dogs in rural areas: human-mediated movement defines dog populations in southern Chile","volume":"135","author":"Villatoro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.04.012","article-title":"Participatory methods for the assessment of the ownership status of free-roaming dogs in Bali, Indonesia, for disease control and animal welfare","volume":"116","author":"Morters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-019-0150-z","article-title":"Livestock mobility in sub-Saharan Africa: a critical review","volume":"9","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pastoralism."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.617900\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T07:55:27Z","timestamp":1614844527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.617900\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.617900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.617900","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"article-number":"617900"}}