{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T18:28:41Z","timestamp":1783967321911,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Circadian rhythms are considered vital regulators of immune functions. This study aims to elucidate the effects of chronic circadian disruption on immune functions, clock genes expression, and antioxidant enzymes levels in lymphoid tissues. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a normal light\/dark cycle or either continuous light (LL) or continuous dark (DD) for 8 weeks. The results demonstrated (1) significant decreases in the circulating levels of interleukin 1\u03b2, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and significant increases in the levels of interleukin 10, interleukin 12, C-reactive protein (CRP) and corticosterone in both LL and DD groups; (2) upregulation in mRNA expression of core clock genes Cry1, Cry2, Per1, Per2, and Per3 in the spleen of the DD group and downregulation in Cry1 and Cry2 genes in the LL group; (3) elevation of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO) and the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spleen, lymph node and bone marrow of both the LL and DD groups and decreases in the levels of the same markers in the thymus of the LL group; (4) decreased numbers of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells in lymphoid tissues of both the LL and the DD groups; (5) reduced platelets count and suppressed immunoglobulin (IgM, IgE) in the LL and DD groups with marked erythropenia and leukocytosis in the DD group. Taken together, circadian misalignment leads to hematological disruptions, dysregulation of clock genes, and inflammatory mediators, which further enhances the antioxidant enzyme system that is crucial for an organism's adaptation to stresses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.621188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T04:53:34Z","timestamp":1618462414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Chronic Exposure to Continuous Brightness or Darkness Modulates Immune Responses and Ameliorates the Antioxidant Enzyme System in Male Rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Amira","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0252-0","article-title":"Effects of circadian disruption on mental and physical health","volume":"12","author":"Karatsoreos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.004","article-title":"A diurnal rhythm in brown adipose tissue causes rapid clearance and combustion of plasma lipids at wakening","volume":"22","author":"van den Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3386","article-title":"Circadian control of the immune system","volume":"13","author":"Scheiermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-03-0779","article-title":"Circadian clock genes oscillate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"102","author":"Boivin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029801","article-title":"Circadian clocks in mouse and human CD4+ T cells","volume":"6","author":"Bollinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21407","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906361106","article-title":"A circadian clock in macrophages controls inflammatory immune responses","volume":"106","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7231","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501327112","article-title":"Circadian control of innate immunity in macrophages by miR-155 targeting Bmal1","volume":"112","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240636","article-title":"Circadian gene Bmal1 regulates diurnal oscillations of Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes","volume":"341","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9897","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120636110","article-title":"Circadian clock regulates the host response to Salmonella","volume":"110","author":"Bellet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.21669","article-title":"The RelB subunit of NFkappaB acts as a negative regulator of circadian gene expression","volume":"11","author":"Bellet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Cycle."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903284","article-title":"Mammalian clock gene Cryptochrome regulates arthritis via proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha","volume":"184","author":"Hashiramoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209965109","article-title":"Circadian clock protein cryptochrome regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"109","author":"Narasimamurthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10692","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.455915","article-title":"Human IL10 gene repression by Rev-erbalpha ameliorates Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance","volume":"288","author":"Chandra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106750109","article-title":"The nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha mediates circadian regulation of innate immunity through selective regulation of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"109","author":"Gibbs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI93910","article-title":"Circadian clock component REV-ERBalpha controls homeostatic regulation of pulmonary inflammation","volume":"128","author":"Pariollaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685854","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/685854","article-title":"Direct and indirect suppression of interleukin-6 gene expression in murine macrophages by nuclear orphan receptor REV-ERBalpha","volume":"2014","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific World J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06568-5","article-title":"REV-ERBalpha integrates colon clock with experimental colitis through regulation of NF-kappaB\/NLRP3 axis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2176","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.9","article-title":"PER1 prevents excessive innate immune response during endotoxin-induced liver injury through regulation of macrophage recruitment in mice","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4750","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00287-06","article-title":"The circadian clock Period 2 gene regulates gamma interferon production of NK cells in host response to lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735409352029","article-title":"Circadian disruption, Per3, and human cytokine secretion","volume":"8","author":"Guess","year":"2009","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3109\/07420529908998730","article-title":"Biologic rhythms in the immune system","volume":"16","author":"Haus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3599","article-title":"An epithelial circadian clock controls pulmonary inflammation and glucocorticoid action","volume":"20","author":"Gibbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1994.1006","article-title":"Diurnal and acute stress-induced changes in distribution of peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations","volume":"8","author":"Dhabhar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.04.040","article-title":"Rhythmic modulation of the hematopoietic niche through neutrophil clearance","volume":"153","author":"Casanova-Acebes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-11-190769","article-title":"Cortisol and epinephrine control opposing circadian rhythms in T cell subsets","volume":"113","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730415577723","article-title":"Circadian clocks in the immune system","volume":"30","author":"Labrecque","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x","article-title":"The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences","volume":"43","author":"Navara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pineal Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8576890","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8576890","article-title":"Shiftwork-mediated disruptions of circadian rhythms and sleep homeostasis cause serious health problems","volume":"2018","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Genomics."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.900501","article-title":"Association between light exposure at night and nighttime blood pressure in the elderly independent of nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion","volume":"31","author":"Obayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu117","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: cross-sectional analyses of over 100,000 women in the Breakthrough Generations Study","volume":"180","author":"McFadden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2874","article-title":"Exposure to light at night, nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion, and obesity\/dyslipidemia in the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis of the HEIJO-KYO study","volume":"98","author":"Obayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-210898","article-title":"Detrimental effects of constant light exposure and high-fat diet on circadian energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity","volume":"27","author":"Coomans","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18664","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008734107","article-title":"Light at night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake","volume":"107","author":"Fonken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730412461247","article-title":"Sleep-wake behavior in the rat: ultradian rhythms in a light-dark cycle and continuous bright light","volume":"27","author":"Stephenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E823","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00122.2005","article-title":"Comparative analysis of ACTH and corticosterone sampling methods in rats","volume":"289","author":"Vahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189837","article-title":"Sex-specific reference intervals of hematologic and biochemical analytes in Sprague-Dawley rats using the nonparametric rank percentile method","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3465","article-title":"Semi-quantitative determination of protein expression using immunohistochemistry staining and analysis: an integrated protocol","volume":"9","author":"Crowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bio Protoc."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1877","article-title":"Dim light at night interferes with the development of the short-day phenotype and impairs cell-mediated immunity in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)","volume":"321","author":"Aubrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2010.1108","article-title":"Chronic exposure to dim light at night suppresses immune responses in Siberian hamsters","volume":"7","author":"Bedrosian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Lett."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1121","article-title":"Dim light at night exaggerates weight gain and inflammation associated with a high-fat diet in male mice","volume":"154","author":"Fonken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.1.3.379","article-title":"Temporal regulation of the human immune system","volume":"1","author":"Petrovsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05300.x","article-title":"Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on the human immune system","volume":"1193","author":"Lange","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.05.038","article-title":"Environmental 24-hr cycles are essential for health","volume":"26","author":"Lucassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2478\/v10039-010-0037-0","article-title":"IL-8, IL-12 and IL-10 cytokines generation by neutrophils, fibroblasts and neutrophils- fibroblasts interaction in psoriasis","volume":"55","author":"Glowacka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03229.x","article-title":"Neutrophils and monocytes as potentially important sources of proinflammatory cytokines in diabetes","volume":"146","author":"Hatanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0592OC","article-title":"Interferon-gamma production by neutrophils during bacterial pneumonia in mice","volume":"183","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6261","article-title":"Converting enzyme-independent release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta from a stimulated human monocytic cell line in the presence of activated neutrophils or purified proteinase 3","volume":"96","author":"Coeshott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103551","article-title":"Neutrophil-mediated inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine responses","volume":"189","author":"Gresnigt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.10.001","article-title":"Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption and stress intersect in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Phan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0450-7","article-title":"The mammalian circadian clock and its entrainment by stress and exercise","volume":"67","author":"Tahara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1996.22164025.x","article-title":"Cytokine modulation by glucocorticoids: mechanisms and actions in cellular studies","volume":"10","author":"Brattsand","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.86.1.151","article-title":"Transition from dim to bright light in the morning induces an immediate elevation of cortisol levels","volume":"86","author":"Leproult","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.09.009","article-title":"Light activates the adrenal gland: timing of gene expression and glucocorticoid release","volume":"2","author":"Ishida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3109\/07420529908998717","article-title":"Masking: history, definitions, and measurement","volume":"16","author":"Mrosovsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7007","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.7007","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha is an autocrine growth factor for normal human B cells","volume":"91","author":"Boussiotis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100112","article-title":"The correlation between proinflammatory cytokines, MAdCAM-1 and cellular infiltration in the inflamed colon from TNF-alpha gene knockout mice","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh230","article-title":"Early lymphoid progenitors in mouse and man are highly sensitive to glucocorticoids","volume":"17","author":"Igarashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Immunol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.08.025","article-title":"Measuring cortisol in human psychobiological studies","volume":"90","author":"Levine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222700907","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in early B cells from human bone marrow","volume":"227","author":"Lill-Elghanian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2018.04.011","article-title":"Linking stress and immunity: immunoglobulin A as a non-invasive physiological biomarker in animal welfare studies","volume":"102","author":"Staley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm Behav."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3109\/07420529909116864","article-title":"Bright light exposure during the daytime affects circadian rhythms of urinary melatonin and salivary immunoglobulin","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8508","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26791","article-title":"Serum C-reactive protein in the prediction of cardiovascular diseases: overview of the latest clinical studies and public health practice","volume":"233","author":"Avan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.1.9","article-title":"Interleukin 6: a message from the heart","volume":"84","author":"Herity","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811205030005","article-title":"Cancer-related fatigue, inflammation and thyrotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"5","author":"Kamath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Aging Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.3.426","article-title":"Absence of diurnal variation of C-reactive protein concentrations in healthy human subjects","volume":"47","author":"Meier-Ewert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730417697537","article-title":"Circadian misalignment increases c-reactive protein and blood pressure in chronic shift workers","volume":"32","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1740-3391-4-13","article-title":"Clock mutation affects circadian regulation of circulating blood cells","volume":"4","author":"Oishi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Circadian Rhythms."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2009.00015.x","article-title":"Microvascular responses to cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Granger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microcirculation."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2015.1010441","article-title":"Platelets in inflammation and infection","volume":"26","author":"Jenne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Platelets."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384685","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/384685","article-title":"Crosstalk between platelets and the immune system: old systems with new discoveries","volume":"2012","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Hematol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.011","article-title":"Lymphocyte circadian clocks control lymph node trafficking and adaptive immune responses","volume":"46","author":"Druzd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00015-8","article-title":"Diurnal rhythms in ornithine decarboxylase activity and norepinephrine and acetylcholine synthesis in submaxillary lymph nodes and spleen of young and aged rats during Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis","volume":"789","author":"Cardinali","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-005-0448-2","article-title":"Circadian dynamics of cell composition of the thymus and lymph nodes in mice normally, under conditions of permanent illumination, and after melatonin injection","volume":"140","author":"Litvinenko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C67","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00084.2002","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in surface molecules of rat blood lymphocytes","volume":"284","author":"Pelegri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.05.001","article-title":"Immune inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery","volume":"16","author":"Faraut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-012-9881-7","article-title":"The combined effect of sleep deprivation and Western diet on spatial learning and memory: role of BDNF and oxidative stress","volume":"50","author":"Alzoubi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12029","article-title":"Sleep deprivation alters gene expression and antioxidant enzyme activity in mice splenocytes","volume":"77","author":"Lungato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3208","article-title":"The circadian clock and pathology of the ageing brain","volume":"13","author":"Kondratova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00144-1","article-title":"Daily rhythm of glutathione peroxidase activity, lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels in tissues of pinealectomized rats","volume":"323","author":"Baydas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1081\/ERC-120018679","article-title":"Daily rhythm of gene expression in rat superoxide dismutases","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2006.08.005","article-title":"Catalase activity and rhythmic patterns in mouse brain, kidney and liver","volume":"145","author":"Sani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(05)80037-X","article-title":"Chronomics of circulating plasma lipid peroxides and anti-oxidant enzymes and other related molecules in cirrhosis of liver. In the memory of late Shri Chetan Singh","volume":"59","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.02951.x","article-title":"Effects of continuous light exposure on antioxidant enzymes, porphyric enzymes and cellular damage in the Harderian gland of the Syrian hamster","volume":"34","author":"Tomas-Zapico","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pineal Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-46814-","article-title":"Relationships between melatonin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase. Endogenous rhythms on cerebral cortex in Gallus domesticus","volume":"460","author":"Agapito","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90100-9","article-title":"Day-night cycle of lipid peroxidation in rat cerebral cortex and their relationship to the glutathione cycle and superoxide dismutase activity","volume":"16","author":"Diaz-Munoz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4889","article-title":"Circadian rhythm connections to oxidative stress. Implications for human health","volume":"19","author":"Wilking","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-010-9282-7","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone, melatonin, oestrogens and phytoestrogens on the oxidized glutathione (GSSG)\/reduced glutathione (GSH) ratio and lipid peroxidation in aged ovariectomized rats","volume":"11","author":"Baeza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogerontology."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01715-1","article-title":"Psychological stress-induced enhancement of brain lipid peroxidation via nitric oxide systems and its modulation by anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs in mice","volume":"839","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7527589","article-title":"Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal circadian shifts by glutamate and NO","volume":"266","author":"Ding","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.280.5.R1348","article-title":"Rhythmicity of the cGMP-related signal transduction pathway in the mammalian circadian system","volume":"280","author":"Ferreyra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2004.03.023","article-title":"Signaling in the mammalian circadian clock: the NO\/cGMP pathway","volume":"45","author":"Golombek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurochem Int."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.897","article-title":"Effect of melatonin on oxidative status of rat brain, liver and kidney tissues under constant light exposure","volume":"19","author":"Baydas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-203554","article-title":"Advances in understanding the peripheral circadian clocks","volume":"26","author":"Richards","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5466.682","article-title":"Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats","volume":"288","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806717105","article-title":"Physiological significance of a peripheral tissue circadian clock","volume":"105","author":"Lamia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2003.5.4\/ppevet","article-title":"Melatonin in animal models","volume":"5","author":"Pevet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7618","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.7618","article-title":"Circadian oscillations of clock genes, cytolytic factors, and cytokines in rat NK cells","volume":"174","author":"Arjona","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.621188\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T04:53:36Z","timestamp":1618462416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.621188\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.621188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.621188","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"article-number":"621188"}}