{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:46:28Z","timestamp":1792619188864,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary bacteriophage supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, barrier function, and intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets fed antibiotic-free diet. A total of 120 weaned piglets were allotted to four dietary treatments with five pens\/treatment and six piglets\/pen in a 21-d feeding trial. The control diet was supplemented with 25 mg\/kg quinocetone and 11.25 mg\/kg aureomycin in the basal diet, while the three treatment diets were supplemented with 200, 400, or 600 mg\/kg bacteriophage in the basal diet, respectively. There was no difference for growth performance and all measured indices of serum and intestinal tissues between 200 mg\/kg bacteriophage group and the control group with antibiotics (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;gt; 0.05). More importantly, compared with the control diet, dietary 400 mg\/kg bacteriophage inclusion increased average daily gain and average daily feed intake, and decreased feed\/gain ratio and diarrhea incidence of weaned piglets (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Also, piglets fed 400 mg\/kg bacteriophage had elevated villi height (VH) in jejunum and ileum, reduced crypt depth (CD) in jejunum and ileum, and elevated VH\/CD ratio in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Compared to the control group, piglets fed 400 mg\/kg bacteriophage had lower interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and higher interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentration in serum, and higher secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), intestinal trefoil factor (ITF), and tumor growth factor-alpha (TGF-\u03b1) content in the ileal mucosa (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Besides, dietary addition with 400 mg\/kg bacteriophage decreased the D-lactate concentration and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in serum, and increased the relative mRNA expression of ZO-1, Claudin-1, Occludin, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, as well as the relative protein expression of Occludin in the jejunum (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). However, the growth performance and all analyzed parameters in serum and intestinal tissues were not further improved when piglets fed 600 vs. 400 mg\/kg bacteriophage (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;gt; 0.05). MiSeq sequencing analysis showed that bacteriophage regulated the microbial composition in caecum digesta, as indicated by higher observed_species, Chao1, and ACE richness indices, as well as changes in the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Tenericutes (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Collectively, 400 mg\/kg bacteriophage can be used as an antibiotics alternative for promoting the growth of weaned piglets. The underlying mechanism is associated with a positive effect of bacteriophage on intestinal inflammation, intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota in weaned piglets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.623899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T08:02:12Z","timestamp":1611734532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Bacteriophage as an Alternative to Antibiotics Promotes Growth Performance by Regulating Intestinal Inflammation, Intestinal Barrier Function and Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yongdi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zirui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiande","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuzhen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.06.117","article-title":"Strategic 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