{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:56:24Z","timestamp":1792601784468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000047","name":"Annenberg Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans have long realized that dogs can be helpful, in a number of ways, to achieving important goals. This is evident from our earliest interactions involving the shared goal of avoiding predators and acquiring food, to our more recent inclusion of dogs in a variety of contexts including therapeutic and educational settings. This paper utilizes a longstanding theoretical framework- the biopsychosocial model- to contextualize the existing research on a broad spectrum of settings and populations in which dogs have been included as an adjunct or complementary therapy to improve some aspect of human health and well-being. A wide variety of evidence is considered within key topical areas including cognition, learning disorders, neurotypical and neurodiverse populations, mental and physical health, and disabilities. A dynamic version of the biopsychosocial model is used to organize and discuss the findings, to consider how possible mechanisms of action may impact overall human health and well-being, and to frame and guide future research questions and investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.630465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T02:32:32Z","timestamp":1617071552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Dogs Supporting Human Health and Well-Being: A Biopsychosocial Approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nancy R.","family":"Gee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerri E.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aubrey H.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet P.","family":"Trammell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243650","article-title":"Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs","volume":"342","author":"Thalmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150883","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0883","article-title":"Dogs recognize dog and human emotions","volume":"12","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Lett."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072702","article-title":"The domestication of social cognition in dogs","volume":"298","author":"Hare","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00263-X","article-title":"A simple reason for a big difference: wolves do not look back at humans, but dogs do","volume":"13","author":"Mikl\u00f3si","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S74972","article-title":"Current perspectives on attachment and bonding in the dog\u2013human dyad","volume":"8","author":"Payne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"2019\u20132020 APPA National Pet Owners Survey","year":"2019"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(03)00052-3","article-title":"When your eyes have a wet nose: the evolution of the use of guide dogs and establishing the seeing eye","volume":"48","author":"Fishman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.10.012","article-title":"The advent of canine performance science: offering a sustainable future for working dogs","volume":"110","author":"Cobb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Process."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"249","article-title":"Military working dogs: classification and treatment in the US Armed Forces","volume":"21","author":"Cruse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Pet-Oriented Child Psychotherapy","author":"Levinson","year":"1969"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pet-facilitated psychotherapy","volume-title":"Petanimals and Society","author":"Corson","year":"1975"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(77)80008-4","article-title":"Pet dogs as nonverbal communication links in hospital psychiatry","volume":"18","author":"Corson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: Foundations and Guidelines for Animal-Assisted Interventions","author":"Fine","year":"2019"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.5.535","article-title":"The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model","volume":"137","author":"Engel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12328","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12328","article-title":"Rethinking the biopsychosocial model of health: understanding health as a dynamic system","volume":"11","author":"Lehman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Person Psychol Compass."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2019.1569903","article-title":"A systematic review of research on pet ownership and animal interactions among older adults","volume":"32","author":"Gee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2011.12.005","article-title":"Pet ownership and older women: the relationships among loneliness, pet attachment support, human social support, and depressed mood","volume":"33","author":"Krause-Parello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209232","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209232","article-title":"Controlled clinical trial of canine therapy versus usual care to reduce patient anxiety in the emergency department","volume":"14","author":"Kline","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12246","article-title":"Pet dogs: does their presence influence preadolescents' emotional responses to a social stressor?","volume":"27","author":"Kerns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Dev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12203","article-title":"Effect of pet dogs on children's perceived stress and cortisol stress response","volume":"26","author":"Kertes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Dev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2018.1520119","article-title":"The influence of interactions with dogs on affect, anxiety, and arousal in children","volume":"49","author":"Crossman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22410","article-title":"Effects of interactions with animals on human psychological distress","volume":"73","author":"Crossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2752\/175303714X14023922797959","article-title":"Are therapy dogs like Xanax? Does animal-assisted therapy impact processes relevant to cognitive behavioral psychotherapy?","volume":"27","author":"Hunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2016.1152721","article-title":"Pets and happiness: examining the association between pet ownership and wellbeing","volume":"29","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024506","article-title":"Friends with benefits: on the positive consequences of pet ownership","volume":"101","author":"Mcconnell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Person Soc Psychol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2016.1257054","article-title":"How animals contribute to subjective well-being: A comprehensive model of protective and risk factors","volume":"13","author":"Luhmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Positive Psychol."},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"\u201cAre We Happy Yet?\u201d","author":"Taylor","year":"2006"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68446-9","article-title":"A framework for understanding how activities associated with dog ownership relate to human well-being","volume":"10","author":"Barcelos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/00224540903368533","article-title":"Psychological effects of dog ownership: role strain, role enhancement, and depression","volume":"150","author":"Cline","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S158998","article-title":"Spotlight on the psychological basis of childhood pet attachment and its implications","volume":"12","author":"Wanser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.35.4.487","article-title":"The benefits of human\u2013companion animal interaction: a review","volume":"35","author":"Barker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb02996.x","article-title":"Influence of companion animals on the physical and psychological health of older people: An analysis of a one-year longitudinal study","volume":"47","author":"Raina","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801292-5.00013-4","article-title":"Animals in the lives of children","volume-title":"Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy.","author":"Melson","year":"2015"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243302","article-title":"The psychosocial effects of service dogs on individuals with physical disabilities: a systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2016.04.020","article-title":"Military veterans and canine assistance for post-traumatic stress disorder: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Krause-Parello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01638","article-title":"Defining the PTSD service dog intervention: perceived importance, usage, and symptom specificity of psychiatric service dogs for military veterans","volume":"11","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2017.0254","article-title":"Can dogs assist children with severe autism spectrum disorder in complying with challenging demands? An exploratory experiment with a live and a robotic dog","volume":"24","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alternative Comp Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2015.1070003","article-title":"Pet dogs improve family functioning and reduce anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"28","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.02.004","article-title":"Effect of service dogs on salivary cortisol secretion in autistic children","volume":"35","author":"Viau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732308327088","article-title":"Sentinels of safety: Service dogs ensure safety and enhance freedom and well-being for families with autistic children","volume":"18","author":"Burrows","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qual Health Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2267-7","article-title":"The social skills and attachment to dogs of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"45","author":"Carlisle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713502080","article-title":"Canine-assisted therapy for children with ADHD: preliminary findings from the positive assertive cooperative kids study","volume":"19","author":"Schuck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Attention Disord."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00300","article-title":"The role of animal assisted intervention on improving self-esteem in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"6","author":"Schuck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381453-1.10013-3","article-title":"The use of therapy animals with individuals with autism spectrum disorders","volume-title":"Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy","author":"Grandin","year":"2010"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149759","article-title":"Children reading to dogs: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"195","article-title":"Animals in educational settings: Research and practice","author":"Gee","year":"2015"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"21","article-title":"Can dogs enhance children's attention performance? A randomized controlled crossover trial","volume":"2","author":"Hediger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Anim Interact Bull."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2804","article-title":"Petting away pre-exam stress: the effect of therapy dog sessions on student well-being","volume":"34","author":"Ward-Griffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stress Health."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1385737","article-title":"The feasibility of brief dog-assisted therapy on university students stress levels: the PAWS study","volume":"27","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mental Health."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1417551","article-title":"Reducing university students' stress through a drop-in canine-therapy program","volume":"27","author":"Binfet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mental Health."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17061909","article-title":"Randomized trial examining effects of animal assisted intervention and stress related symptoms on college students' learning and study skills","volume":"17","author":"Pendry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2017.1370244","article-title":"The effect of therapy dogs on exam stress and memory","volume":"30","author":"Trammell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2019.1645514","article-title":"Therapy dogs improve student affect but not memory","volume":"32","author":"Trammell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"63","article-title":"The state of assessment in human-animal interaction research","volume":"6","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Anim Interact Bull."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00234","article-title":"Psychosocial and psychophysiological effects of human-animal interactions: the possible role of oxytocin","volume":"3","author":"Beetz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00237-X","article-title":"Neurophysiological correlates of affiliative behaviour between humans and dogs","volume":"165","author":"Odendaal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35784-9_23","article-title":"Salivary Studies of the Social Neuroscience of Human\u2013Animal Interaction","volume-title":"Salivary Bioscience.","author":"Pendry","year":"2020"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.96.3.713-729","article-title":"Measuring stress and immune response in healthcare professionals following interaction with a therapy dog: a pilot study","volume":"96","author":"Barker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Rep."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.026","article-title":"The effect of a service dog on salivary cortisol awakening response in a military population with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"98","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-013-9546-1","article-title":"The presence of a dog attenuates cortisol and heart rate in the Trier Social Stress Test compared to human friends","volume":"37","author":"Polheber","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Behav Med."},{"key":"B61","article-title":"Dog-assisted interventions with children in mainstream and special educational needs schools \u2013 what works?","volume-title":"Paper presented at the International Society for Anthrozoology Annual Conference","author":"Meints","year":"2020"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1054773820977198","article-title":"The experience of animal assisted therapy on patients in an acute care setting","author":"Coakley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nurs Res."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"2442","article-title":"The impact of a 20-minute animal-assisted activity session on the physiological and emotional states in patients with fibromyalgia","author":"Clark","year":"2020"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01627","article-title":"Therapy dogs as a crisis intervention after traumatic events? An experimental study","volume":"9","author":"Lass-Hennemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1163\/156853005774653654","article-title":"Animal-assisted prolonged exposure: a treatment for survivors of sexual assault suffering posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Bleiberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Anim."},{"key":"B66","unstructured":"The impact of human-animal interaction in trauma recovery1553\n            O'haireME\n            Philip TedeschiM\n            JenkinsMA\n            BradenSR\n            RodriguezKE\n          New Direct Hum Anim Bond152019"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00352","article-title":"Effects of social support by a dog on stress modulation in male children with insecure attachment","volume":"3","author":"Beetz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.07.014","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the impact of intranasal oxytocin administration on cortisol concentrations during laboratory tasks: moderation by method and mental health","volume":"49","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3044","article-title":"Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine","volume":"12","author":"Meyer-Lindenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100792","article-title":"The role of oxytocin in the dog\u2013owner relationship","volume":"9","author":"Marshall-Pescini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2752\/175303712X13316289505468","article-title":"Associations between the psychological characteristics of the human\u2013dog relationship and oxytocin and cortisol levels","volume":"25","author":"Handlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anthrozoos."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01606","article-title":"Effects of affiliative human\u2013animal interaction on dog salivary and plasma oxytocin and vasopressin","volume":"8","author":"Maclean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01796","article-title":"Oxytocin and cortisol levels in dog owners and their dogs are associated with behavioral patterns: an exploratory study","volume":"8","author":"Petersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2752\/175303708X390455","article-title":"An examination of changes in oxytocin levels in men and women before and after interaction with a bonded dog","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.10.008","article-title":"The physiological function of oxytocin in humans and its acute response to human-dog interactions: a review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Behav."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30734-9_11","article-title":"Pets as a novel microbiome-based therapy","volume-title":"Pets as Sentinels, Forecasters and Promoters of Human Health.","author":"Garcia","year":"2020"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2002.02063.x","article-title":"Exposure to pets and allergies in children","volume":"13","author":"H\u00f6lscher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Aller Immunol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03018.x","article-title":"Effects of dog ownership in early childhood on immune development and atopic diseases","volume":"38","author":"Bufford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815395-6.00007-9","article-title":"The animal-human bond: health and wellness","volume-title":"Animal-Assisted Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice","author":"Friedmann","year":"2019"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005554","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005554","article-title":"Dog ownership and survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes."},{"key":"B81","volume-title":"Between Pets and People: The Importance of Animal Companionship","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407507087958","article-title":"Pet dogs as attachment figures","volume":"25","author":"Kurdek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Soc Person Relat."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7770-5","article-title":"Companion dog acquisition and mental well-being: a community-based three-arm controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020944195","article-title":"Puppy love in the time of Corona: dog ownership protects against loneliness for those living alone during the COVID-19 lockdown","author":"Oliva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.837147","article-title":"Pet ownership may attenuate loneliness among older adult primary care patients who live alone","volume":"18","author":"Stanley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Mental Health."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2019.1569906","article-title":"Loneliness, depression, and physical activity in older adults: the therapeutic role of human\u2013animal interactions","volume":"32","author":"Krause-Parello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2752\/089279315X14219211661615","article-title":"Companion animals and loneliness: a systematic review of quantitative studies","volume":"28","author":"Gilbey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anthrozoos."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1348\/000712600161673","article-title":"Dogs as catalysts for social interaction: Robustness of the effect","volume":"91","author":"Mcnicholas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Psychol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.2307\/1130941","article-title":"Social acknowledgments for children with disabilities: effects of service dogs","volume":"60","author":"Mader","year":"1989","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2752\/175303713X13636846944286","article-title":"Walking sole mates: dogs motivating, enabling and supporting guardians' physical activity","volume":"26","author":"Higgins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.1998.9521284","article-title":"What is social capital and why is it important to public policy?","volume":"9","author":"Lang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.01.017","article-title":"The pet connection: pets as a conduit for social capital?","volume":"61","author":"Wood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030234","article-title":"Companion animals and child\/adolescent development: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"14","author":"Purewal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77845-7_2","article-title":"An attachment perspective on the child-dog bond: Interdisciplinary and international research findings","author":"Jalongo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Children Dogs Educ."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369484-3\/50019-0","article-title":"Companion animals and the development of children: implications of the biophilia hypothesis","volume-title":"Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy","author":"Melson","year":"2006"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2014.864205","article-title":"Is human-animal interaction (HAI) linked to positive youth development?","volume":"18","author":"Mueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Init Answers Appl Dev Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2752\/089279399787000129","article-title":"Pet ownership, type of pet and socio-emotional development of school children","volume":"12","author":"Vidovi\u0107","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-1007-2","article-title":"The relationship between dog ownership, dog play, family dog walking, and pre-schooler social\u2013emotional development: findings from the PLAYCE observational study","author":"Wenden","year":"","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2752\/175303709X434185","article-title":"Preference for, and responsiveness to, people, dogs and objects in children with autism","volume":"22","author":"Prothmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1352.2010.01085.x","article-title":"What a dog can do: Children with autism and therapy dogs in social interaction","volume":"38","author":"Solomon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethos."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00727","article-title":"Do animals engage greater social attention in autism? An eye tracking analysis","volume":"11","author":"Valiyamattam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1177\/019394502320555403","article-title":"Animal-assisted therapy for children with pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"24","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2010.0436","article-title":"Can dogs prime autistic children for therapy? Evidence from a single case study","volume":"17","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Alternat Comp Med."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2013.09.005","article-title":"Pet dog ownership decisions for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"29","author":"Carlisle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2016.04.003","article-title":"The long-term benefits of dog ownership in families with children with autism","volume":"13","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Behav."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/t00742-000","article-title":"Beck depression inventory\u2013II","volume":"36","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6601_2","article-title":"UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure","volume":"66","author":"Russell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Person Assess."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.06.004","article-title":"A psychometric evaluation of the social skills rating system in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"43","author":"Van Der Oord","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav Res Therapy."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411415220","article-title":"The impact of pets on human health and psychological well-being: fact, fiction, or hypothesis?","volume":"20","author":"Herzog","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Direct Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619600","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.619600","article-title":"Variability in human-animal interaction research","volume":"7","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B111","first-page":"18","article-title":"Theory guided practice in nursing","volume":"2","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nurs Res Pract."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.630465\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T02:32:53Z","timestamp":1617071573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.630465\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.630465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.630465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"article-number":"630465"}}