{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T04:55:41Z","timestamp":1772945741568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the effect of diets containing organic zinc and a mixture of medicinal herbs on ruminal microbial fermentation and histopathology in lambs. Twenty-eight lambs were divided into four groups: unsupplemented animals (Control), animals supplemented with organic zinc (Zn, 70 mg Zn\/kg diet), animals supplemented with a mixture of dry medicinal herbs (Herbs, 100 g dry matter (DM)\/d) and animals supplemented with both zinc and herbs (Zn+Herbs). Each lamb was fed a basal diet composed of meadow hay (700 g DM\/d) and barley (300 g DM\/d). The herbs <jats:italic>Fumaria officinalis<\/jats:italic> L. (FO), <jats:italic>Malva sylvestris<\/jats:italic> L. (MS), <jats:italic>Artemisia absinthium<\/jats:italic> L. (AA) and <jats:italic>Matricaria chamomilla<\/jats:italic> L. (MC) were mixed in equal proportions. The lambs were slaughtered after 70 d. The ruminal contents were used to determine the parameters of fermentation <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and to quantify the microbes by molecular and microscopic methods. Samples of fresh ruminal tissue were used for histopathological evaluation. Quantitative analyses of the bioactive compounds in FO, MS, AA, and MC identified 3.961, 0.654, 6.482, and 12.084 g\/kg DM phenolic acids and 12.211, 6.479, 0.349, and 2.442 g\/kg DM flavonoids, respectively. The alkaloid content in FO was 6.015 g\/kg DM. The diets affected the levels of total gas, methane and <jats:italic>n-<\/jats:italic>butyrate <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.046, &amp;lt; 0.001, and &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively). Relative quantification by real-time PCR indicated a lower total ruminal bacterial population in the lambs in the Zn and Zn+Herbs groups than the Control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The relative abundances of <jats:italic>Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefaciens, Streptococcus bovis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus<\/jats:italic> shifted in the Zn group. Morphological observation found a focally mixed infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of the rumen in the Zn+Herbs group. The effect of the organic zinc and the herbal mixture on the parameters of ruminal fermentation <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> was not confirmed <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, perhaps because the ruminal microbiota of the lambs adapted to the zinc-supplemented diets. Long-term supplementation of a diet combining zinc and medicinal herbs, however, may negatively affect the health of the ruminal epithelium of lambs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.630971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T06:52:26Z","timestamp":1611816746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Impact of Zinc and\/or Herbal Mixture on Ruminal Fermentation, Microbiota, and Histopathology in Lambs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Petri\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Mrav\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katar\u00edna","family":"Kuckov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Ki\u0161idayov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Cieslak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Szumacher-Strabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haihao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Kolodziejski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lukomska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylwester","family":"Slusarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"\u010cobanov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zora","family":"V\u00e1radyov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1505176","article-title":"The rumen microbiome: a crucial consideration when optimising milk and meat production and nitrogen utilisation efficiency","volume":"10","author":"Matthews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut microbes"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119003252","article-title":"Review: Ruminal microbiome and microbial metabolome: effects of diet and ruminant host","volume":"1","author":"Newbold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2015.01.028","article-title":"Rumen fermentation pattern, lipid metabolism and the microbial community of sheep fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with a mix of medicinal plants","volume":"125","author":"Wencelov\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12940","article-title":"Modulation of ruminal and intestinal fermentation by medicinal plants and zinc from different sources","volume":"102","author":"V\u00e1radyov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2050-2","article-title":"Natural chemotherapeutic alternatives for controlling of haemonchosis in sheep","volume":"15","author":"Mrav\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet. 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