{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T16:06:52Z","timestamp":1776960412926,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluid therapy is extensively used to treat traumatized patients as well as patients during surgery. The fluid therapy process is complex due to interpatient variability in response to therapy as well as other complicating factors such as comorbidities and general anesthesia. These complexities can result in under- or over-resuscitation. Given the complexity of the fluid management process as well as the increased capabilities in hemodynamic monitoring, closed-loop fluid management can reduce the workload of the overworked clinician while ensuring specific constraints on hemodynamic endpoints are met with higher accuracy. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of closed-loop control systems for fluid management and highlight several key steps in transitioning such a technology from bench to the bedside.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.642440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T04:29:18Z","timestamp":1614054558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Closed-Loop Control for Fluid Resuscitation: Recent Advances and Future Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Behnood","family":"Gholami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wassim M.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.3.300","article-title":"Multicenter prospective evaluation of dogs with trauma","volume":"244","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0695.x","article-title":"Mortality in north american dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death: mortality of dogs in North America","volume":"25","author":"Fleming","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Internal Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes171","article-title":"Intraoperative fluids: how much is too much?","volume":"109","author":"Doherty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12477","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of fluid overload and relationship to outcome in critically ill dogs: fluid overload in critically ill dogs","volume":"26","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2016.08.007","article-title":"Fluid overload in small animal patients","volume":"31","author":"Thomovsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Topics Comp Anim Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvcm4hws","volume-title":"Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Control: A Lyapunov-Based Approach","author":"Haddad","year":"2011"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/MCS.2005.1411383","article-title":"Drug dosing control in clinical pharmacology","volume":"25","author":"Bailey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contr Sys Mag."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1907863","article-title":"Six-month randomized, multicenter trial of closed-loop control in type 1 diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400832248","volume-title":"Nonnegative and Compartmental Dynamical Systems","author":"Haddad","year":"2010"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1215","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.277.3.H1215","article-title":"Transport of fluid and solutes in the body I. Formulation of a mathematical model","volume":"277","author":"Gyenge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2000.00776.x","article-title":"A model of fluid and solute exchange in the human: validation and implications","volume":"170","author":"Bert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181dcd88f","article-title":"Volume kinetics for infusion fluids","volume":"113","author":"Hahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00390","article-title":"A lumped-parameter subject-specific model of blood volume response to fluid infusion","volume":"7","author":"Bighamian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000216512.30415.78","article-title":"Closed-loop resuscitation of burn shock","volume":"27","author":"Hoskins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000207341.78696.3A","article-title":"Normotensive and hypotensive closed-loop resuscitation using 3","volume":"34","author":"Vaid","year":"2006"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000135255.59817.8c","article-title":"Hypotensive resuscitation of multiple hemorrhages using crystalloid and colloids","volume":"22","author":"Rafie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Shock."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R278","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10562","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel closed-loop fluid-administration system based on dynamic predictors of fluid responsiveness: an in silico simulation study","volume":"15","author":"Rinehart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Critical Care."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2013.11.016","article-title":"First closed-loop goal directed fluid therapy during surgery: a pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Rinehart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Fran\u00e7 d'Anesth R\u00e9animation."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2010.2042810","article-title":"Neuroadaptive output feedback control for automated anesthesia with noisy EEG measurements","volume":"19","author":"Haddad","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Contr Sys Tech."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2007.899164","article-title":"Neural network adaptive output feedback control for intensive care unit sedation and intraoperative anesthesia","volume":"18","author":"Haddad","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Networks."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12753","article-title":"A pilot study evaluating adaptive closed-loop fluid resuscitation during states of absolute and relative hypovolemia in dogs: closed-loop fluid resuscitation in dogs","volume":"28","author":"Gholami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.03.018","article-title":"From data patterns to mechanistic models in acute critical illness","volume":"29","author":"Aerts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Critical Care."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2915526","article-title":"Evaluation of fluid resuscitation control algorithms via a hardware-in-the-loop test bed","volume":"67","author":"Mirinejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002329","article-title":"Regulatory considerations for physiological closed-loop controlled medical devices used for automated critical care: food and drug administration workshop discussion topics","volume":"126","author":"Parvinian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00220","article-title":"Credibility evidence for computational patient models used in the development of physiological closed-loop controlled devices for critical care medicine","volume":"10","author":"Parvinian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680900300106","article-title":"In silico preclinical trials: a proof of concept in closed-loop control of type 1 diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Kovatchev","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S321","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31816bf4f7","article-title":"Closed-Loop and decission-assist resuscitaion of burn patients","volume":"64","author":"Salinas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trauma."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31821cb790","article-title":"Computerized decision support system improves fluid resuscitation following severe burns: an original study","volume":"39","author":"Salinas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S333","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31816bf517","article-title":"Closed-loop control of fluid therapy for treatment of hypovolemia","volume":"64","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-017-0437-9","article-title":"Computer-controlled closed-loop drug infusion system for automated hemodynamic resuscitation in endotoxin-induced shock","volume":"17","author":"Uemura","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-018-0436-0","article-title":"Performance of closed-loop resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock with fluid alone or in combination with norepinephrine: an experimental study","volume":"8","author":"Libert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-020-00542-7","article-title":"Performance of closed-loop resuscitation in a pig model of haemorrhagic shock with fluid alone or in combination with norepinephrine, a pilot study","author":"Libert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182937d61","article-title":"Closed-loop fluid administration compared to anesthesiologist management for hemodynamic optimization and resuscitation during surgery: an in vivo study","volume":"117","author":"Rinehart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2880927","article-title":"Development and in silico evaluation of a model-based closed-loop fluid resuscitation control algorithm","volume":"66","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.642440\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T04:29:25Z","timestamp":1614054565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.642440\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.642440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.642440","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"article-number":"642440"}}