{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:35:52Z","timestamp":1753893352507,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014857","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-Guangdong Joint Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31772602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010203","name":"Agriculture Research System of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The crossbreeding of Swamp and River type buffalo breeds is practiced for the improvement of milk yield and reproductive performance in swamp buffalo herds. This study aimed to modify the Ovsynch synchronization protocol (GPG) and improve the fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI) for better reproductive performance of crossbred buffaloes. Comparison of four conventional synchronization protocols [pregnant mare gonadotropin-prostaglandin F<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u03b1-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (PmPG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone-prostaglandin F<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u03b1-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GPG), prostaglandin F<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u03b1-gonadotropin-releasing hormone-prostaglandin F<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u03b1-estradiol benzoate (PGPE), and progesterone-pregnant mare gonadotropin-prostaglandin F<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u03b1-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>PmPG)] in crossbred buffaloes showed that the GPG protocol treated buffaloes displayed higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05) estrus response with an increasing tendency in ovulation (84.6%) and pregnancy rates (30.8%) than PmPG, PGPE, and P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>PmPG treated buffaloes. Buffaloes treated with a dose of 0.4 (mg\/kg) mifepristone combined with GPG, exhibited higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05) estrous response (82.4%), ovulation (94.1%), and pregnancy (47.1%) rates compared with other doses (0, 0.3, or 0.5 mg\/kg) groups. Injection of mifepristone along second GnRH injection in buffaloes improved (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05) pregnancy rate (35.3%) when compared to before or after the second GnRH of GPG protocol. Single AI after 24 h of mifepristone or second GnRH injection seems the best time to enhance the pregnancy rates in buffaloes compared to double or other single AI times in the modified GPGMH protocol. In comparison, GPGMH reduced the follicular cyst incidence (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05) with increasing ovulation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;gt; 0.05) and pregnancy rates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;gt; 0.05) than the P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>GPG and GPG protocols in crossbred buffaloes. The current study supported that new synchronization protocol (modified of GPG protocol; GPGMH) by the inclusion of mifepristone (with a dose of 0.4 mg\/kg along second GnRH), AI after 24 h of mifepristone or second GnRH, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG at day 5 of AI) enhance the ovulation and pregnancy rates in crossbred buffaloes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.646247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T19:22:29Z","timestamp":1630956149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["GPGMH, a New Fixed Timed-AI Synchronization Regimen for Swamp and River Crossbred Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Adili","family":"Abulaiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadeel S.","family":"El-Qaliouby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halla E. K.","family":"El Bahgy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Naseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zulfiqar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guohua","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liguo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.05.022","article-title":"A field study on artificial insemination of swamp and crossbred buffaloes with sexed semen from river buffaloes","volume":"84","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2007.s2.25","article-title":"Dairy buffalo breeding in countryside of China","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Italian J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"14","article-title":"Chromosome polymorphism analysis on Dehong Buffalo (2n = 48) and their hybrids with river buffalo(2n = 50)","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Cattle Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119265306.ch11","article-title":"Cattle and buffalo","volume-title":"Reproduction in Farm Animals","author":"Jainudeen","year":"2000"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2013.e68","article-title":"Control of buffalo follicular dynamics for artificial insemination, superovulation and in vitro embryo production","volume":"32","author":"Baruselli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Buffalo Bull"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8800","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9968","article-title":"Manipulation of progesterone to increase ovulatory response to the first GnRH treatment of an Ovsynch protocol in lactating dairy cows receiving first timed artificial insemination","volume":"98","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712471497","article-title":"Effects of different doses of PMSG on reproductive performance in Chinese Holstein dairy cows","volume":"33","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak Vet J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.02.004","article-title":"Efficacy of the Ovsynch protocol for synchronization of ovulation and fixed-time artificial insemination in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"64","author":"Paul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.11.004","article-title":"Different circulating progesterone concentrations during synchronization of ovulation protocol did not affect ovarian follicular and pregnancy responses in seasonal anestrous buffalo cows","volume":"81","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.12.012","article-title":"The effect of addition of equine chorionic gonadotropin to a progesterone-based estrous synchronization protocol in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) under tropical conditions","volume":"71","author":"Murugavel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.04.031","article-title":"New approaches in buffalo artificial insemination programs with special reference to India","volume":"86","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00639-8","article-title":"Comparison of two Ovsynch protocols (GnRH versus LH) for fixed timed insemination in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"57","author":"Berber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.02.020","article-title":"Biochemical and hormonal composition of follicular cysts in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"124","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-8","article-title":"New discoveries on the biology and detection of human chorionic gonadotropin","volume":"7","author":"Cole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2012.03.004","article-title":"The endocrine changes, the timing of ovulation and the efficacy of the Doublesynch protocol in the Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"177","author":"Mirmahmoudi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15588","article-title":"Effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin 7 days after artificial insemination or at the time of embryo transfer on reproductive outcomes in nulliparous Holstein heifers","volume":"102","author":"Niles","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.4081\/vsd.2014.5315","article-title":"Ovarian follicular dynamics in buffaloes during different estrus synchronization protocols","volume":"4","author":"Noseir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Sci Dev."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2019-035","article-title":"Ovarian follicular changes and hemodynamics in Egyptian buffaloes under CIDR-PGF2\u03b1 and Ovsynch-CIDR estrus synchronization treatments","volume":"65","author":"Samir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Reprod Dev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1071\/SRB09Abs517","article-title":"Follicular waves in dairy cows with ovarian follicular cyst","volume":"5","author":"Dirandeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci Res Iran Vet J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2002)046[0256:MLOTGI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Plasma progesterone levels and clinical findings in dairy cows with post-partum anoestrus","volume":"46","author":"Zdunczyk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull Vet Inst Pulowy."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.10.016","article-title":"Expression and functional role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) in cyclical corpus luteum in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"240","author":"Rajesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.05.014","article-title":"Is slow follicular growth the cause of silent estrus in water buffaloes?","volume":"99","author":"Awasthi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Usefulness of Prostaglandin-F2-Alpha administration for improving reproductive efficiency in subfertile Buffalo Cows","volume":"65","author":"Bruce","year":"1988","journal-title":"Indian Vet J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12400","article-title":"Ovarian responses of dairy buffalo cows to timed artificial insemination protocol, using new or used progesterone devices, during the breeding season (autumn\u2013winter)","volume":"87","author":"Monteiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Sci J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.2527\/1992.70113615x","article-title":"Factors that affect ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle","volume":"70","author":"Lucy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2009.12.005","article-title":"Efficacy of Ovsynch protocol in cyclic and acyclic Egyptian buffaloes in summer","volume":"119","author":"Karen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114000822","article-title":"Synchronization of ovulation and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cattle","volume":"8","author":"B\u00f3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.07.027","article-title":"Relationship between the ovarian follicular response at the start of an Ovsynch-TAI program and pregnancy outcome in the Mediterranean river buffalo","volume":"86","author":"Neglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02110.x","article-title":"Effects of eCG on preovulatory follicle size, CL and embryonic development in a fixed time AI protocol in Nelore cows","volume":"47","author":"Vincenti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01371-7","article-title":"Estrus synchronization in beef cows: comparison between GnRH+PGF2alpha+GnRH and PRID+PGF2alpha+eCG","volume":"60","author":"Mialot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.06.007","article-title":"Fertility of swamp buffalo following the synchronization of ovulation by the sequential administration of GnRH and PGF 2 alpha combined with fixed-timed artificial insemination","volume":"74","author":"Chaikhun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.10.013","article-title":"Equine chorionic gonadotropin improves the efficacy of a timed artificial insemination protocol in buffalo during the nonbreeding season","volume":"79","author":"Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.01.003","article-title":"Effect of progesterone concentration and duration of proestrus on fertility in beef cattle after fixed-time artificial insemination","volume":"79","author":"Dadarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.08.018","article-title":"Hormonal profile and follicular dynamics concurrent with CIDR and insulin modified Ovsync TAI programs and their impacts on the fertility response in buffaloes","volume":"104","author":"Ramoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog3290.2016","article-title":"The progesterone receptor antagonist, mifepristone does not lower serum progesterone induced blocking factor (PIBF) in the presence of progesterone","volume":"43","author":"Check","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.646247\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T12:06:31Z","timestamp":1699445191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.646247\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.646247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.646247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2297-1769"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"article-number":"646247"}}