{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:27:29Z","timestamp":1779103649929,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014330","name":"Agence Fran\u00e7aise pour la Biodiversit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016243","name":"H\u00f8gskolen i Innlandet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three medetomidine-based drug protocols were compared by evaluating time courses, reliability and physiological effects in wild boars. A total of 21 cage-trapped wild boars (<jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic>) were immobilized using one of the following drug combinations; MTZ: medetomidine (0.2 mg\/kg) + tiletamine-zolazepam (2.0 mg\/kg), MK: medetomidine (0.15 mg\/kg) + ketamine (5 mg\/kg), and MKB: medetomidine (0.1 mg\/kg) + ketamine (5.0 mg\/kg) + butorphanol (0.2 mg\/kg). Induction time, recovery time, and physiological variables were recorded and arterial blood gas analysis measured twice, before and after 15 min of oxygen supplementation (0.5\u20131.0 L\/min). For reversal, 4 mg of atipamezole per mg of medetomidine was administered intramuscularly. The boars recovered in the cage and were released once ataxia resolved. The MK group had significantly longer recovery times (mean 164 min \u00b1 79 SD) compared to the other groups. MKB elicited longer and incomplete induction compared to the other groups (mean induction time 20 min \u00b1 10 SD), decreasing the efficiency of the capture and increasing the risk of hyperthermia. Both ketamine-based protocols required additional ketamine intramuscularly to prolong the anesthesia after 20\u201340 min from induction. Agreement between the pulse oximeter and the blood gas analyzer was low, with the pulse oximeter underestimating the real values of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, particularly at higher readings. Mild acute respiratory acidosis (PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>45\u201360 mmHg) and mild to moderate hypoxemia (PaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>69\u201380 mmHg) occurred in most boars, regardless of the treatment group but especially in the MKB group. The acid-base status improved and hypoxemia resolved in all boars during oxygen supplementation, with the PaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>rising above the physiological reference range (81.6\u2013107.7 mmHg) in many individuals. MK and MKB induced safe and reliable immobilization of wild boars for at least 20 min. Supplemental oxygen delivery is recommended in order to prevent hypoxemia in wild boars immobilized with the protocols used in the present study. Long and ataxic recoveries occurred in most animals, regardless of the protocol, but especially in the MKB group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.655345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T05:11:35Z","timestamp":1616994695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of Three Medetomidine-Based Anesthetic Protocols in Free-Ranging Wild Boars (Sus scrofa)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Morelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela S. B.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"K\u00fcker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon M.","family":"Arnemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina L.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Zoletil immobilization of wild boar (Sus scrofa L","volume":"3","author":"Fournier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ibex J Mt Ecol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930037","article-title":"The respiratory quotient in relation to fat deposition in fattening-growing pigs","volume":"69","author":"Jakobsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction: use, definitions, history, concepts, classification, and considerations for anesthesia and analgesia","author":"Tranquilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.1991.tb00540.x","article-title":"Medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine anaesthesia in pigs","volume":"18","author":"Nishimura","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Vet Anaesth."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7080061","article-title":"Optimum drug combinations for the sedation of growing boars prior to castration","volume":"7","author":"Lehmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"699","article-title":"A modified panel trap and immobilization technique for capturing multiple wild pig","volume":"25","author":"Sweitzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00443.x","article-title":"Comparison of azaperone-detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine and azaperone-tiletamine-zolazepam for anaesthesia in piglets","volume":"36","author":"Heinonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-107","article-title":"Trap-effectiveness and response to tiletamine-zolazepam and medetomidine anaesthesia in Eurasian wild boar captured with cage and corral traps","volume":"9","author":"Barasona","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2005.36554","article-title":"The use of a medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine combination to enable blood sampling in young pigs","volume":"53","author":"Ugarte","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Z Vet J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1258\/002367781780959107","article-title":"Ketamine alone and combined with diazepam or xylazine in laboratory animals: a 10 year experience","volume":"15","author":"Green","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07096.x","article-title":"Body mass, temperature and cost of walking in polar bears","volume":"115","author":"Hurst","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0150.1","article-title":"Evaluation of intramuscular butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine and nasal oxygen insufflation for the chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus","volume":"39","author":"Mich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-04-085","article-title":"Severe hypoxemia in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) immobilized with etorphine and xylazine corrected with supplemental nasal oxygen","volume":"53","author":"Lian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0064.1","article-title":"Efficacy of a portable oxygen concentrator with pulsed delivery for treatment of hypoxemia during anesthesia of wildlife","volume":"43","author":"Fahlman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2010-0531","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: pathophysiology, neuropathology and mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Busl","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation."},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Chambord Weather2021"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Chemical Immobilization and Anaesthesia of Wild Boars","author":"Arnemo","year":"2004"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"303","article-title":"Medetomidine\/tiletamine-zolazepam and medetomidine\/butorphanol\/tiletamine-zolazepam: a comparison of two anesthetic regimens for surgical implantation of intraperitoneal radiotransmitters in free ranging juvenile European wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa)","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference-American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 17th-21st September","author":"Enqvist","year":"2000"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.04.529","article-title":"Anesthesia induced in pigs by use of a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine and its reversal by administration of atipamezole","volume":"57","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"ViennaR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing2019"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"333","article-title":"Haematological and biochemical values in blood of wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus)","volume":"73","author":"Harapin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Arh."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12250","article-title":"Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for wild boar (Sus scrofa) captured by cage trap","volume":"44","author":"Casas-D\u00ecaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.5380\/avs.v15i4.17265","article-title":"Reference values of the urea and creatinine in wild boar (sus scrofa scrofa, linnaeus, 1758) raised in captivity","volume":"15","author":"Desjardins Bergonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Vet Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-006-0062-2","article-title":"Analysis of serum biochemical parameters in relation to mycobacterium bovis infection of European wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Spain","volume":"52","author":"Vidal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Wildl Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.2.385","article-title":"Analysis of serum and whole blood values in relation to helminth and ectoparasite infections of feral pigs in texas","volume":"38","author":"Shender","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Reference Intervals from Clinical Pathology Laboratory2011"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.16610","article-title":"Su\u00edno como modelo experimental na pesquisa biom\u00e9dica: valores fisiol\u00f3gicos normais","volume":"38","author":"Cabral Gianotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Sci Vet."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/748","article-title":"Evaluation of blood parameters as an early assessment of health status in nursery pigs","volume":"21","author":"Buzzard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"150","article-title":"Chapter 14: Body temperature and its regulation","volume-title":"Duke's Physiology of Domestic Animals","author":"Reece","year":"2015"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470752425","volume-title":"Appendix 3, Laboratory Reference Values: Biochemistry in Clinical Examination of Farm Animals","author":"Jackson","year":"2002"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0110","article-title":"Evaluation of a partially reversible immobilization protocol using medetomidine, butorphanol, zolazepam-tiletamine, and ketamine in free-ranging warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"17","author":"Hewlett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med."},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"Swine in the Laboratory. Surgery, Anesthesia, Imaging, and Experimental Techniques","author":"Swindle","year":"2016"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-007-0140-0","article-title":"Efficiency and safety of xylazine and tiletamine\/zolazepam to immobilize captured wild boars (Sus scrofa L","volume":"54","author":"Fenati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Wildl Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c3611","article-title":"Comparison of anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of xylazine or medetomidine in combination with tiletamine\/zolazepam in pigs","volume":"167","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12259","article-title":"Effects of intramuscular dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine or alfaxalone in swine","volume":"43","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.015198","article-title":"Ketamine and ketamine metabolite pharmacology: insights into therapeutic mechanisms","volume":"70","author":"Zanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375.ch15","article-title":"Injectable anesthetics","volume-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","author":"Berry","year":"2015"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2006.00798.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol) in anesthetized pigs","volume":"29","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375.ch11","article-title":"Opioids","volume-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","author":"KuKanich","year":"2015"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"91","article-title":"Evaluation of pulse oximetry as a monitoring method in avian anesthesia","volume":"12","author":"Schmitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Avian Med Surg."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"1200","article-title":"Basics of monitoring equipment","volume":"58","author":"Duke-Novakovski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-10210","article-title":"Blood gas analysis in pigs submitted to different concentrations of nitrous oxide or oxygen, under different ventilatory modalities","volume":"71","author":"Biteli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0117.1","article-title":"Physiologic evaluation of capture and anesthesia with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine in brown bears (Ursus arctos)","volume":"42","author":"Fahlman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0036.1","article-title":"Treatment of hypoxemia during anesthesia of brown bears (Ursus arctos)","volume":"41","author":"Fahlman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.57.99","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-midazolam and medetomidine-midazolam-atipamezole in dogs","volume":"57","author":"Hayashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.55.497","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of a combination of medetomidine and butorphanol in atropinized pigs","volume":"55","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375","volume-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","author":"Grimm","year":"2015"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0654-3.00018-4","volume-title":"Chapter 11 - Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders in Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice","author":"Johnson","year":"2012"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.693925","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.655345\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:46:52Z","timestamp":1724719612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.655345\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.655345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.655345","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.693925","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"article-number":"655345"}}