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Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Collaboration between the human and animal health sectors, including the sharing of disease surveillance data, has the potential to improve public health outcomes through the rapid detection of zoonotic disease events prior to widespread transmission in humans. Kenya has been at the forefront of embracing a collaborative approach in Africa with the inception of the Zoonotic Disease Unit in 2011. Joint outbreak responses have been coordinated at the national level, yet little is currently documented on cross-sectoral collaboration at the sub-national level.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Key informant interviews were conducted with 28 disease surveillance officers from the human and animal health sectors in three counties in western Kenya. An inductive process of thematic analysis was used to identify themes relating to barriers and drivers for cross-sectoral collaboration.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The study identified four interlinking themes related to drivers and barriers for cross-sectoral collaboration. To drive collaboration at the sub-national level there needs to be a clear identification of \u201ccommon objectives,\u201d as currently exemplified by the response to suspected rabies and anthrax cases and routine meat hygiene activities. The action of collaboration, be it integrated responses to outbreaks or communication and data sharing, require \u201coperational structures\u201d to facilitate them, including the formalisation of reporting lines, supporting legislation and the physical infrastructure, from lab equipment to mobile phones, to facilitate the activities. These structures in turn require \u201cappropriate resources\u201d to support them, which will be allocated based on the \u201cpolitical will\u201d of those who control the resources.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Ongoing collaborations between human and animal disease surveillance officers at the sub-national level were identified, driven by common objectives such as routine meat hygiene and response to suspected rabies and anthrax cases. In these areas a suitable operational structure is present, including a supportive legislative framework and clearly designated roles for officers within both sectors. There was support from disease surveillance officers to increase their collaboration, communication and data sharing across sectors, yet this is currently hindered by the lack of these formal operational structures and poor allocation of resources to disease surveillance. It was acknowledged that improving this resource allocation will require political will at the sub-national, national and international levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.658454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T04:31:11Z","timestamp":1623126671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cross-Sectoral Zoonotic Disease Surveillance in Western Kenya: Identifying Drivers and Barriers Within a Resource Constrained Setting"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lian Francesca","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salome A.","family":"Bukachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura C.","family":"Falzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Howland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"F\u00e8vre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12239","article-title":"Economic assessment of zoonoses surveillance in a \u201cOne Health\u201dcontext: a conceptual framework","volume":"63","author":"Babo Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses public Health."},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Added value of the One Health approach during the investigation and response to an outbreak of the Monkeypox epidemic among chimpanzees in Cameroon","author":"Severin","year":"2020","journal-title":"6th World ONE Health Congress"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v79i2.461","article-title":"Economic benefits or drivers of a\u201dOne Health\u201dapproach: Why should anyone invest?","volume":"79","author":"Rushton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.01.019","article-title":"One health surveillance\u2013more than a buzz word?","volume":"120","author":"St\u00e4rk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Economic Assessment of Surveillance in a'One Health' Context","author":"Martins","year":"2017"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.g143","article-title":"The evolution of one health: a decade of progress and challenges for the future","volume":"174","author":"Gibbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001102","article-title":"Is the current surge in political and financial attention to one health solidifying or splintering the movement?","volume":"4","author":"Spencer","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2313.170418","article-title":"Prioritizing zoonoses for global health capacity building\u2014themes from One Health zoonotic disease workshops in 7 countries, 2014\u20132016","volume":"23","author":"Salyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"International Health Regulations","year":"2008"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.33.2.2303","article-title":"The United Nations and one health: the international health regulations and global health security","volume":"33","author":"Nuttall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"One Health Directory for Sub-Saharan Africa2020"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30084-6","article-title":"The growth and strategic functioning of one health networks: a systematic analysis","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2014.19.106.4588","article-title":"Establishing a one health office in Kenya","volume":"19","author":"Mbabu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J."},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"National One Health Strategic Plan 2012-2017, L. 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