{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T22:53:49Z","timestamp":1780959229515,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013281","name":"Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Thailand, pig production has increased considerably in the last decades to meet a growing demand for pork. Antimicrobials are used routinely in intensive pig production to treat infections and increase productivity. However, the use of antimicrobials also contributes to the rise of antimicrobial resistance with potential consequences for animal and human health. Here, we quantify the association between antimicrobial use and resistance rates in extensive and intensive farms with a focus on geographic proximity between farm and drugstores. Of the 164 enrolled farms, 79% reported using antimicrobials for disease prevention, treatment, or as a feed additive. Antimicrobial-resistant <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were present in 63% of farms. These drugs included critically important antimicrobials, such as quinolones and penicillins. Medium-scale farms with intensive animal production practices showed higher resistance rates than small-scale farms with extensive practices. Farms with drug-resistant <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> were located closer to drugstores and a had a higher proportion of disease than farms without drug-resistant <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. We found no association between the presence of resistance in humans and antimicrobial use in pigs. Our findings call for actions to improve herd health to reduce the need for antimicrobials and systematic training of veterinarians and drugstore owners on judicious use of antimicrobials in animals to mitigate resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.659051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T06:13:56Z","timestamp":1619590436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Geographic Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Pigs in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Huber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunilla Str\u00f6m","family":"Hallenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamonwan","family":"Lunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thongpan","family":"Leangapichart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatesada","family":"Jiwakanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Sunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef D.","family":"J\u00e4rhult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Van Boeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance","year":"2020"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao1495","article-title":"Reducing antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"357","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.175-188.2003","article-title":"Antimicrobial growth promoters used in animal feed: effects of less well known antibiotics on gram-positive bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Butaye","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMR."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.31.1.2106","article-title":"Use of antimicrobial agents in livestock","volume":"31","author":"Page","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech."},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Livestock to 2020\u2014The Next Food Revolution","author":"Delgado","year":"1999"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.05.003","article-title":"The livestock revolution\u2014a global veterinary mission","volume":"125","author":"Steinfeld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194481","article-title":"Phylogenetic analyses and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter spp","volume":"13","author":"de Vries","year":"2018","journal-title":"from diarrhoeal patients and chickens in Botswana PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30141-9","article-title":"Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw1944","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1944","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"365","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7275","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01777-14","article-title":"Time-scaled evolutionary analysis of the transmission and antibiotic resistance dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398","volume":"80","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12185","article-title":"Antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: how worried should we be?","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evol Appl."},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Livestock Industrialization Project\u2014Phase II - 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