{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:46:47Z","timestamp":1789807607641,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Pigs are anesthetized when used for emergency procedures live tissue training (LTT) of civilian and military medical personnel or for experimental purposes, but there is a paucity in the literature regarding anesthesia of pigs for this purpose.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective(s):<\/jats:bold> The main goals of the study were to compare oxygen debt, macrocirculatory parameters, and time to cardiac arrest between pigs in hemorrhagic shock and anesthetized with propofol-ketamine-dexmedetomidine or alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold> A prospective, non-blinded randomized study design was used. Sixteen pigs were randomized in blocks of four to be anesthetized with either propofol-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8) or alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8) as a continuous infusion.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Interventions:<\/jats:bold> Premedication with ketamine 15 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and midazolam 1 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> was given i.m. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol 8 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> or alfaxalone 5 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> combined with ketamine 5 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and dexmedetomidine 4 \u03bcg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> i.v. A stepwise, volume-controlled model for hemorrhage was created by exsanguination.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main Outcome Measures:<\/jats:bold> Indices of oxygen debt (lactate, base excess, and oxygen extraction), macrocirculatory (PR, SAP, DAP, MAP, and <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>, SVI, and TPR) variables, and time to death was compared between groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Pigs in the alfaxalone group had significantly higher SAP than pigs given propofol. No difference in other macrocirculatory variables or indices of oxygen debt could be found. A blood loss of 50% of the total blood volume or more was possible in most pigs with both anesthetic regimes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Pigs anesthetized with propofol or alfaxalone combined with ketamine and dexmedetomidine tolerated substantial blood loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.664112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T07:44:18Z","timestamp":1621496658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Macrocirculatory Parameters and Oxygen Debt Indices in Pigs During Propofol Or Alfaxalone Anesthesia When Subjected to Experimental Stepwise Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Lervik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simen","family":"Forr Toverud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Bohlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning Andreas","family":"Haga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2018.08.011","article-title":"Global collaboration to modernize advanced trauma life support training","volume":"76","author":"Gala","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Surg Educ."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.08.012","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine or fentanyl? 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