{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:41:21Z","timestamp":1774680081129,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fenbendazole is a benzimidazole-class anthelmintic that is used for the control of immature and adult stages of internal parasites, such as nematodes and trematodes, in domestic food-animal species. It is not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treating pheasants despite <jats:italic>Syngamus trachea<\/jats:italic> being one of the most prevalent nematodes that parasitize pheasants. Because it is a highly effective treatment, e.g., 90% effectiveness against <jats:italic>S. trachea<\/jats:italic>, and there are very few alternative therapeutic options, this anthelminthic is used in an extra-label manner in the pheasant industry, but few studies have been conducted assessing risks to humans. Therefore, we conducted a risk assessment to evaluate the potential repeat-dose and reproductive, teratogenic, and carcinogenic human risks that may be associated with the consumption of tissues from pheasants that were previously treated with fenbendazole. We conducted a quantitative risk assessment applying both deterministic and stochastic approaches using different fenbendazole sulfone residue limits (tolerance, maximum residue limits, and analytical limit of detection) established in different poultry species by the Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, and other regulatory agencies in Japan, Turkey, and New Zealand. Our results show that fenbendazole poses minimal risk to humans when administered to pheasants in an extra-label manner, and a comparison of different fenbendazole sulfone residue limits can help assess how conservative the withdrawal interval should be after extra-label drug use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.665357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T05:55:55Z","timestamp":1622786155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk Assessment of Human Consumption of Meat From Fenbendazole-Treated Pheasants"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Carre\u00f1o G\u00fatiez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Tell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Poultry - Inventory and Number Sold: 2017 and 20122017"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2307\/1590337","article-title":"Treatment of nematodiasis in poultry and game birds with fenbendazole","volume":"28","author":"Kirsch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1054","article-title":"Anti-nematodal drugs","volume-title":"Veterinary Pharmacology Therapeutics","author":"Lanusse","year":"2009"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Syngamus trachea","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"Yazwinski","year":"2008"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2298\/AVB0306393P","article-title":"Most frequent nematode parasites of artificially raised pheasants (Phasianus colchicus l.) and measures for their control","volume":"53","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Vet."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Studies on parasitic prevalence in ring necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in captivity35964\n            AshrafS\n            JavidA\n            AshrafM\n            AkramM\n            AltafM\n            Irfan\n          J Anim Plant Sci.252015"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"& Drug AdministrationCode of Federal Regulations Title 212019"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1981.tb00866.x","article-title":"Fenbendazole and thiabendazole in cattle: partition of gastrointestinal absorption and pharmacokinetic behaviour","volume":"4","author":"Prichard","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Safe-Guard2013"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(91)90045-W","article-title":"Resistance to Thiabendazole, Fenbendazole and levamisole in Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus species in sheep on a Kenyan farm","volume":"39","author":"Maingi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00120.x","article-title":"The oxidative metabolism of fenbendazole: a comparative study","volume":"11","author":"Short","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1637\/10479-010213-Reg.1","article-title":"Safety of fenbendazole in Chinese ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)","volume":"58","author":"Griffith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"& Drug AdministrationThe Ins and Outs of Extra-Label Drug Use in Animals: A Resource for Veterinarians2020"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"& Drug AdministrationGeneral Principles for Evaluating the Human Food Safety of New Animal Drugs Used in Food-Producing Animals. 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