{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:10:38Z","timestamp":1791331838915,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluid overload (FO) is characterized by hypervolemia, edema, or both. In clinical practice it is usually suspected when a patient shows evidence of pulmonary edema, peripheral edema, or body cavity effusion. FO may be a consequence of spontaneous disease, or may be a complication of intravenous fluid therapy. Most clinical studies of the association of FO with fluid therapy and risk of harm define it in terms of an increase in body weight of at least 5\u201310%, or a positive fluid balance of the same magnitude when fluid intake and urine output are measured. Numerous observational clinical studies in humans have demonstrated an association between FO, adverse events, and mortality, as have two retrospective observational studies in dogs and cats. The risk of FO may be minimized by limiting resuscitation fluid to the smallest amount needed to optimize cardiac output and then limiting maintenance fluid to the amount needed to replace ongoing normal and pathological losses of water and sodium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.668688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T04:26:53Z","timestamp":1624940813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Fluid Overload"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bernie","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01745482","article-title":"[Plasma renin activity and aldosterone behavior in critically ill patients]","volume":"65","author":"Jungmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009368","article-title":"Vasoactive hormones in endotoxin shock: a comparative study in cats and dogs","volume":"213","author":"Hall","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"593","article-title":"Integrated control of the cardiovascular system","volume-title":"Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach. 2e Updated Edition edn.","author":"Boulpaep","year":"2012"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12188","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5420-13.2015","article-title":"Effects of peritoneal sepsis on rat central osmoregulatory neurons mediating thirst and vasopressin release","volume":"35","author":"Stare","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R354","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1982.243.3.R354","article-title":"Hemodynamic, hormonal, and drinking responses to reduced venous return in the dog","volume":"243","author":"Thrasher","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2018-111009","article-title":"In critically ill children, fluid overload is consistently associated with worse outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Barbaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004617","article-title":"Fluid overload and mortality in adult critical care patients-a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"48","author":"Messmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000383","article-title":"Fluid overload and risk of mortality in critically Ill patients","volume":"38","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dimens Crit Care Nurs."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2141-7","article-title":"We should avoid the term \u201cfluid overload\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181672607","article-title":"Venous function and central venous pressure: a physiologic story","volume":"108","author":"Gelman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Physiologic effects of rapid infusion of Ringer's lactate solution into dogs","volume":"39","author":"Cornelius","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0526","article-title":"Hospital-acquired hyponatremia\u2013why are hypotonic parenteral fluids still being used?","volume":"3","author":"Moritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Nephrol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.19.5.823","article-title":"The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy","volume":"19","author":"Holliday","year":"1957","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000322238","article-title":"Hyponatremia and inflammation: the emerging role of interleukin-6 in osmoregulation","volume":"118","author":"Swart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011080865","article-title":"Body fluid dynamics: back to the future","volume":"22","author":"Bhave","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.16.5.452","article-title":"Interstitial fluid presure. 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