{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:40:05Z","timestamp":1773416405208,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epizootic lymphangitis (EL) is a chronic, contagious, fungal disease of equids. The disease is highly prevalent in cart pulling equines of Ethiopia affecting the livelihood of the cart owning households and welfare of the cart animals. This study estimated the economic impacts of EL and assessed cart owners' knowledge and practices related to the disease in northwest Ethiopia. A multistage cluster sampling approach was implemented to select cart animal owners for the study. A total of 274 cart animal owners were interviewed to collect data for the study. The average annual economic loss per cart owner was estimated at Ethiopian Birr (ETB) 8447. Of this loss, the ETB 4364, 2838, and 1245 were due to mortality, working power loss, and treatment costs, respectively. When the loss was computed only for affected car owners, it was on average ETB 9835 per affected cart owner. The average annual animal level loss was estimated at ETB 6587 per cart animal. Mortality was the largest contributor of the overall economic losses. There was a statistically significant difference in average economic losses per household between study towns (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The knowledge and practice study revealed that 51.2% of the respondents had good knowledge level (knowledge score above the mean score) of EL, but only 45.2% of the respondents had a good practice related to EL. A multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that socio-demographic factors such as educational level and town of residence were significantly associated with EL knowledge level of the respondents (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and on the other hand, knowledge level and residence of the respondents were significantly associated with EL practice level (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The study generally indicates that EL causes significant economic impact on the cart business, but cart owners had insufficient knowledge and poor control and preventive practices to combat the disease. Attention should be accorded to control the disease and reduce its impact on the livelihood of cart owners. As part of the control measure, more awareness creation about the disease and its preventive and management measures for cart owners will very important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.673442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T10:06:05Z","timestamp":1623837965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Estimating the Economic Impact and Assessing Owners' Knowledge and Practices of Epizootic Lymphangitis in Equine Cart Animals in Central and South Gondar Zones, Amhara Region, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Amsalu Misgie","family":"Molla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tewodros","family":"Fentahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wudu T.","family":"Jemberu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"AdmassuB\n            ShiferawY\n          Addis AbabaThe BrookeDonkeys, Horses and Mules: Their Contribution to People's Livelihoods in Ethiopia2011"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A preliminary study of the socioeconomic contribution of working equids in Dalocha District, southern Ethiopia","volume-title":"7th International Colloquium on Working Equids.","author":"Asmamaw","year":"2014"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.7176\/ALST","article-title":"The role of working animals toward livelihoods and food security in selected districts of Fafan Zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia","volume":"33","author":"Gina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Life Sci Technol."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"83","article-title":"Socioeconomic impact of epizootic lymphangitis on horse- drawn taxi business in central Ethiopia","volume-title":"The 6th International Colloquium on Working Equids: Learning from Others","author":"Nigatu","year":"2010"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"10","article-title":"Socioeconomic impact of epizootic lymphangitis in cart mules in Bahir Dar City, North West Ethiopia","volume-title":"The Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids.","author":"Bekele","year":"2014"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.03.012","article-title":"Participatory appraisal of the impact of epizootic lymphangitis in Ethiopia","volume":"120","author":"Scantlebury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"1478","volume-title":"Veterinary Medicine: A Text Book of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig and Horses","author":"Radostits","year":"2007"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"18ParisWorld Animal Health Organization (OIE)Epizootic Lymphangitis: Terrestrial Manual2018"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.01.015","article-title":"Fungal diseases of horses","volume":"78","author":"Cafarchia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.02.026","article-title":"Infectious diseases in donkeys and mules: an overview and update","volume":"65","author":"Barrandeguy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.02.025","article-title":"Epidemiology of equine histoplasmosis (Epizootic lymphangitis) in cart horses in Ethiopia","volume":"172","author":"Ameni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000509","article-title":"Prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis and bodily distribution of lesions in cart-mules in Bahir Dar town, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Meselu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Sci Technol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.7537\/marsjas140218.10","article-title":"Prevalence, associated risk factors and socioeconomic impact of epizootic lymphangitis in carthorses in and around Gondar Town","volume":"14","author":"Mesafint","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02582-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of epizootic lymphangitis of carthorses in northern Ethiopia using conventional diagnostic methods and nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"16","author":"Hadush","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.06.003","article-title":"Epizootic lymphangitis: the impact on subsistence economies and animal welfare","volume":"172","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.g6281","article-title":"One Health: Improving animal health to promote poverty reduction, food security and sustainable livelihoods","volume":"175","author":"Stringer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Epidemiology of epizootic lymphangitis in cart pulling equids in central and south Gondar Zones, Amhara Region, Ethiopia","author":"Molla","year":"2021"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Existing Situation Analyses of Physical, Geological and Environmental Characteristics of Gondar Town","year":"2015"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Recorded Data of the Number of Cart Horses","year":"2018"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"General Background of Woreta Town","year":"2018"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield","year":"2007"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"The Economics of Animal Health and Production","author":"Rushton","year":"2009"},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach","author":"Bluman","year":"2009"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"256","article-title":"Epizootic lymphangitis in cart mules: a community-based clinical trial in Bahir Dar, north-west Ethiopia","volume-title":"The 6th International Colloquium on Working Equids: Learning from Others","author":"Worku","year":"2010"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9099-9","article-title":"Equine histoplasmosis: treatment trial in cart horses in Central Ethiopia","volume":"40","author":"Hadush","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"390","article-title":"Epizootic lymphangitis","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Horse.","author":"Scantlebury","year":"2009"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12633","article-title":"Equine","volume":"49","author":"Stringer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Comparative studies on the occurrence and distribution of epizootic lymphangitis and ulcerative lymphangitis in Ethiopia21923\n            EndebuB\n            RogerF\n          Int J Appl Res Vet Med.12003"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v17i2.2","article-title":"A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of rabies among residents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethiop Vet J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173365","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173365","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) relating to brucellosis in smallholder dairy farmers in two provinces in Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Arif","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00614","article-title":"Quantitative understanding of the decision-making process for farm biosecurity among Japanese livestock farmers using the KAP-capacity framework","volume":"7","author":"Makita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100223","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices to zoonotic disease risks from livestock birth products among smallholder communities in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Alemayehu","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.02.001","article-title":"A cluster-randomized controlled trial to evaluate knowledge-transfer interventions for rural working equid users in Ethiopia","volume":"100","author":"Stringer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prevent Vet Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00282","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of knowledge-transfer interventions on animal health knowledge of rural villagers in central Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Stringer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.673442\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T10:06:32Z","timestamp":1623837992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.673442\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.673442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.673442","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"article-number":"673442"}}