{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T21:18:05Z","timestamp":1787260685887,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Inappropriate use of antibiotics has accelerated to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, becoming a major health threat. Moreover, bacterial biofilms contribute to antibiotic resistance and prolonged infections. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy may provide an alternative strategy for controlling multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. In this study, a broad-host-range phage, SHWT1, with lytic activity against multidrug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated, characterized and evaluated for the therapeutic efficacy\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Phage SHWT1 exhibited specific lytic activity against the prevalent\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovars, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Pullorum,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gallinarum,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Enteritidis, and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium. Morphological analysis showed that phage SHWT1 was a member of the family\n                    <jats:italic>Siphoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the order\n                    <jats:italic>Caudovirales<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Phage SHWT1 had a latent period of 5 min and burst size of ~150 plaque-forming units (PFUs)\/cell. The phage was stable from pH 3-12 and 4\u201365\u00b0C. Phage SHWT1 also showed capacity to lyse\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    planktonic cells and inhibit the biofilm formation at optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 100, respectively. In addition, phage SHWT1 was able to lyse intracellular\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    within macrophages. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that SHWT1 was a lytic phage without toxin genes, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, or significant genomic rearrangements. We found that phage SHWT1 could successfully protect mice against\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Elucidation of the characteristics and genome sequence of phage SHWT1 demonstrates that this phage is a potential therapeutic agent against the salmonellosis caused by multidrug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.683853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T03:47:08Z","timestamp":1623296828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Characterization of a Broad-Host-Range Lytic Phage SHWT1 Against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella and Evaluation of Its Therapeutic Efficacy in vitro and in vivo"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengfei","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doss\u00eah Jean Ap\u00f4tre","family":"Afayibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengqing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100007","article-title":"Salmonella, the host and disease: a brief review","volume":"85","author":"Coburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis","volume":"50","author":"Majowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05161-w","article-title":"A pain in the neck: Salmonella spp. as an unusual cause of a thyroid abscess. 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