{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T15:14:23Z","timestamp":1760800463898,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the increased interest and widespread use of cannabidiol (CBD) in humans and companion animals, much remains to be learned about its effects on health and physiology. Metabolomics is a useful tool to evaluate changes in the health status of animals and to analyze metabolic alterations caused by diet, disease, or other factors. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of CBD supplementation on the canine plasma metabolome. Sixteen dogs (18.2 \u00b1 3.4 kg BW) were utilized in a completely randomized design with treatments consisting of control and 4.5 mg CBD\/kg BW\/d. After 21 d of treatment, blood was collected ~2 h after treat consumption. Plasma collected from samples was analyzed using CIL\/LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics to analyze amine\/phenol- and carbonyl-containing metabolites. Metabolites that differed \u2014 fold change (FC) \u2265 1.2 or \u2264 0.83 and false discovery ratio (FDR) \u2264 0.05 \u2014 between the two treatments were identified using a volcano plot. Biomarker analysis based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was performed to identify biomarker candidates (area under ROC \u2265 0.90) of the effects of CBD supplementation. Volcano plot analysis revealed that 32 amine\/phenol-containing metabolites and five carbonyl-containing metabolites were differentially altered (FC \u2265 1.2 or \u2264 0.83, FDR \u2264 0.05) by CBD; these metabolites are involved in the metabolism of amino acids, glucose, vitamins, nucleotides, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Biomarker analysis identified 24 amine\/phenol-containing metabolites and 1 carbonyl-containing metabolite as candidate biomarkers of the effects of CBD (area under ROC \u2265 0.90;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.01). Results of this study indicate that 3 weeks of 4.5 mg CBD\/kg BW\/d supplementation altered the canine metabolome. Additional work is warranted to investigate the physiological relevance of these changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.685606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T07:59:36Z","timestamp":1626422376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Alteration of the Canine Metabolome After a 3-Week Supplementation of Cannabidiol (CBD) Containing Treats: An Exploratory Study of Healthy Animals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanna E.","family":"Kitts-Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Spangler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibukun M.","family":"Ogunade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle R.","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200330109","article-title":"Identification of olivetolic acid cyclase from Cannabis sativa reveals a unique catalytic route to plant polyketides","volume":"109","author":"Gagne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.04949.x","article-title":"The hexanoyl-CoA precursor for cannabinoid biosynthesis is formed by an acyl-activating enzyme in Cannabis sativa trichomes","volume":"71","author":"Stout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.05.043","article-title":"Cannabidolic-acid synthase, the chemotype-determining enzyme in the fiber-type Cannabis sativa","volume":"581","author":"Taura","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.17221\/8762-VETMED","article-title":"The use of cannabinoids in animals and therapeutic implications for veterinary medicine: a review","volume":"61","author":"Landa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterin\u00e1rn"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11S","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb05998.x","article-title":"Cannabidiol: an overview of some pharmacologial aspects","volume":"42","author":"Mechoulam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2174\/157488611798280924","article-title":"Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent","volume":"6","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Drug Saf."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.07.028","article-title":"An introduction to the endogenous cannabinoid system","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bio Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.11.021","article-title":"The legal status of cannabis (marijuana) and cannabidiol (CBD) under U","volume":"70","author":"Mead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0030","article-title":"Regulatory status of cannabidiol in the United States: a perspective","volume":"3","author":"Corroon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"4472","volume-title":"Defining Hemp: A Fact Sheet Congressional Research Service Report R","author":"Johnson","year":"2019"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"26","article-title":"Dog owners' use and perceptions of cannabis products","volume":"51","author":"Kogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Holist Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv096","article-title":"Omics-based biomarkers: application of metabolomics in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"19","author":"Sethi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10120545","article-title":"Biomarker of aflatoxin ingestion: 1H NMR-based plasma metabolomics of dairy cows fed aflatoxin B1 with or without sequestering agents","volume":"10","author":"Ogunade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208031","article-title":"Rumen and plasma metabolomics profiling by UHPLC-QTOF\/MS revealed metabolic alterations associated with a high-corn diet in beef steers","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4657","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz308","article-title":"Effects of a blend of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based direct-fed microbial and fermentation products in the diet of newly weaned beef steers: growth performance, whole-blood immune gene expression, serum biochemistry, and plasma metabolome","volume":"97","author":"Adeyemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142727.mb3002s98","article-title":"Targeted metabolomics","volume":"98","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Mol Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-012-0482-9","article-title":"Translational biomarker discovery in clinical metabolomics: an introductory tutorial","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolomics."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa298","article-title":"Candidate serum metabolite biomarkers of residual feed intake and carcass merit in sheep","volume":"98","author":"Goldansaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12108","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03431","article-title":"Metabolomic coverage of chemical-group-submetabolome analysis: group classification and four-channel chemical isotope labeling LC-MS","volume":"91","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645667","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.645667","article-title":"Feeding cannabidiol (CBD)-containing treats did not affect canine daily voluntary activity","volume":"8","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"178","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered by 3 delivery methods at 2 different dosages to healthy dogs","volume":"82","author":"Bartner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100832","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety assessment with use of CBD-rich hemp neutraceutical in healthy dogs and cats","volume":"9","author":"Deabold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00165","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cannabidiol treatment in osteoarthritic dogs","volume":"5","author":"Gamble","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10723","DOI":"10.1021\/ac3025625","article-title":"Determination of total concentration of chemically labeled metabolites as a means of metabolome sample normalization and sample loading optimization in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03737","article-title":"Development of chemical isotope labeling LC-MS for milk metabolomics: comprehensive and quantitative profiling of the Amine\/Phenol submetabolome","volume":"89","author":"Mung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1021\/ac900166a","article-title":"Differential 12C-\/13C-isotope dansylation labeling and fast liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry for absolute and relative quantification of the metabolome","volume":"81","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10617","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02967","article-title":"Chemical isotope labeling LC-MS for high coverage and quantitative profiling of the hydroxyl submetabolome in metabolomics","volume":"88","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6758","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b01098","article-title":"Development of high-performance chemical isotope labeling LC-MS for profiling the carbonyl metabolome","volume":"89","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7011","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b01434","article-title":"Quantitative metabolome analysis based on chromatographic peak reconstruction in chemical isotope labeling liquid chromatography mass spectrometry","volume":"87","author":"Huan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1021\/ac400099b","article-title":"MyCompoundID:using an evidence-based metabolome library for metabolite identification","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.86","article-title":"Using MetaboAnalyst 4","volume":"68","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Protocols Bioinformat."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.05.017","article-title":"Gene expression and characterization of a stress-induced tyrosine decarboxylase from Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"583","author":"Lehmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)62219-7","article-title":"Purification, properties, and identity of liver mitochondrial tyrosine aminotransferase","volume":"246","author":"Miller","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1021\/bi100251u","article-title":"Comparison of two metal-dependent pyruvate aldolases related by convergent evolution: substrate specificity, kinetic mechanism, and substrate channeling","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1845603","article-title":"Tyramine-derived hydroxycinnamic acid amides in plant foods: sources, synthesis, health effects and potential applications in food industry","author":"Leonard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2174\/138920107781387438","article-title":"Metabolic engineering in isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis","volume":"8","author":"Sato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4602","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411114200","article-title":"A novel putrescine utilization pathway involves \u03b3-glutamylated intermediates of Escherichia coli K-12*","volume":"280","author":"Kurihara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-008-1608-x","article-title":"Cloning, expression, and characterization of an aldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli K-12 that utilizes 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde as a substrate","volume":"81","author":"Jo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.07.009","article-title":"Cellular function by polyamines","volume":"42","author":"Igarashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2006.09.006","article-title":"Biological significance of dietary polyamines","volume":"23","author":"Larqu\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.15-0743","article-title":"Saccharopine, a new amino acid in baker's and brewer's yeast: I","volume":"15","author":"Darling","year":"1961","journal-title":"Isolation and properties Acta Chem Scand."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.49.2.131","article-title":"Promotion of crown-gall tumor growth by lysopine, octopine, nopaline, and carnosine","volume":"49","author":"Lippincott","year":"1972","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.1.201-207.1997","article-title":"Diversity of opines and opine-catabolizing bacteria isolated from naturally occurring crown gall tumors","volume":"63","author":"Moore","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.31.1_supplement.821.8","article-title":"Identification of L-asparagine as a novel endogenous substrate for human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1","volume":"31","author":"Carlisle","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.004275","article-title":"Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1: a novel drug target in cancer development","volume":"64","author":"Butcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E11285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716990115","article-title":"Mechanism by which arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 ablation causes insulin resistance in mice","volume":"114","author":"Camporez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160119094516","article-title":"Role of tyrosine isomers in acute and chronic diseases leading to oxidative stress\u2014a review","volume":"23","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00687.x","article-title":"Urinary ortho-tyrosine excretion in diabetes mellitus and renal failure: evidence for hydroxyl radical production","volume":"68","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42807-4","article-title":"New inhibitors of sepiapterin reductase. Lack of an effect of intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin depletion upon in vitro proliferation of two human cell lines","volume":"267","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"157","article-title":"Chapter 6: widely projecting systems: monoamines, acetylcholine, and orexin","volume-title":"Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience","author":"Malenka","year":"2009"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196544","article-title":"A methylaspartate cycle in haloarchaea","volume":"331","author":"Khomyakova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fob.2013.07.002","article-title":"The roles of active site residues in the catalytic mechanism of methylaspartate ammonia-lyase","volume":"3","author":"Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91931-2","article-title":"Possible involvement of a L-\u03941-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) reductase in the synthesis of proline in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway","volume":"179","author":"Fons","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/biology6010018","article-title":"Ornithine aminotransferase, an important glutamate-metabolizing enzyme at the crossroads of multiple metabolic pathways","volume":"6","author":"Ginguay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biology."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)69645-0","article-title":"The mammalian metabolism of L-histidine. I The enzymatic formation of L-hydantion-5-propionic acid","volume":"234","author":"Brown","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)81200-5","article-title":"Studies on the enzymic decomposition of urocanic acid. V. The formation of 4-oxoglutaramic acid, a non-enzymic oxidation product of 4-imidazolone-5-propionic acid","volume":"238","author":"Hassall","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8039","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9039","article-title":"Dipeptide species regulate p38MAPK\u2013Smad3 signaling to maintain chronic myelogenous leukaemia stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Naka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13522","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of a dipeptide library to identify ghrelin release-modulating peptides","volume":"593","author":"Nakato","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00114","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids: useful drugs for the treatment of obesity? special focus on cannabidiol","volume":"11","author":"Bielawiec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0650","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabivarin on glycemic and lipid parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Jadoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.108819","article-title":"Cannabidiol improves metabolic dysfunction in middle-aged diabetic rats submitted to a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion","volume":"312","author":"Zorzenon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.11.006","article-title":"Glucosamine effects in humans: a review of effects on glucose metabolism, side effects, safety considerations and efficacy","volume":"43","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2003.09.008","article-title":"Use of nutraceuticals and chondroprotectants in osteoarthritic dogs and cats","volume":"34","author":"Beale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v7i1.6","article-title":"Glucosamine and chondroitin use in canines for osteoarthritis: a review","volume":"7","author":"Bhathal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Vet J."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3657","article-title":"Is there any scientific evidence for the use of glucosamine in the management of human osteoarthritis?","volume":"14","author":"Henrotin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2005.104","article-title":"Biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine by three crucial enzymes in Streptomyces fradiae NBRC 12773","volume":"58","author":"Kudo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antibiot"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.671","article-title":"Discovery of parallel pathways of kanamycin biosynthesis allows antibiotic manipulation","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026225","article-title":"GABA coordinates with insulin in regulating secretory function in pancreatic INS-1 \u03b2-cells","volume":"6","author":"Bansal","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200409016","article-title":"GABA in the endocrine pancreas: its putative role as an islet cell paracrine-signalling molecule","volume":"123","author":"Franklin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0153","article-title":"GABA promotes human b-cell proliferation and modulates glucose homeostasis","volume":"63","author":"Purwana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/341233a0","article-title":"Glucose-inhibition of glucagon secretion involves activation of GABA[[SB]]A[[\/S]]-receptor chloride channels","volume":"341","author":"Rorsman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S50642","article-title":"GABAergic system in the endocrine pancreas: a new target for diabetes treatment","volume":"8","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.03.019","article-title":"GABA regulates release of inflammatory cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T Cells and is immunosuppressive in type 1 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Bhandage","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-1193-7","article-title":"GABA is an effective immunomodulatory molecule","volume":"45","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68.15","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.190.Supp.68.15","article-title":"GABA exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects","volume":"190","author":"Prud'homme","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2014-0295","article-title":"Cytosolic thiol switches regulating basic cellular functions: GAPDH as an information hub?","volume":"396","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46503-6_15","article-title":"D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structure and function","volume":"83","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081993","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of hemp and flax fibers depending on their chemical composition","volume":"23","author":"Zimniewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12436","DOI":"10.1021\/jf5044426","article-title":"Characterization of byproducts originating from hemp oil processing","volume":"62","author":"Poji\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6439","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18066439","article-title":"Isoferulic acid, a new anti-glycation agent, inhibits fructoseand glucose-mediated protein glycation in vitro","volume":"18","author":"Meeprom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.039","article-title":"Chemistry, natural sources, dietary intake and pharmacokinetic properties of ferulic acid: a review","volume":"109","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703082","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic action of isoferulic acid in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-958060","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of ferulic acid and isoferulic acid on murine interleukin-8 production in response to influenza virus infections in vitro and in vivo","volume":"61","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0874-2","article-title":"Isoferulic acid prevents methylglyoxalinduced protein glycation and DNA damage by free radical scavenging activity","volume":"15","author":"Meeprom","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.182","article-title":"Inhibition of advanced glycation end products by isoferulic acid and its free radical scavenging capacity: an in vitro andmolecular docking study","volume":"118","author":"Arfin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12518","article-title":"Bioavailability and metabolism of chlorogenic acids (acyl-quinic acids) in humans","volume":"19","author":"Clifford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp106","article-title":"Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis","volume":"3","author":"Vogt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Plant."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/poc.3104","article-title":"Antioxidising activity of cinnamic acid derivatives against oxidative stress induced by oxidising radicals","volume":"26","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Phys Org Chem."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.6.2311-2317.2000","article-title":"Bioconversion of ferulic acid into vanillic acid by means of a vanillate-negative mutant of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain BF13","volume":"66","author":"Civolani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.9.2.3642-3659","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of hemp and other natural fibre plants: a review","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresources."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-230","article-title":"Effect of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid on the growth and heat resistance of Cronobacter species","volume":"74","author":"Yemis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-017-0302-4","article-title":"One pot synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of fused uracils: pyrimidodiazepines, lumazines, triazolouracil and xanthines","volume":"11","author":"El-Kalyoubi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Cent J."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051851","article-title":"Folate synthesis in plants: purification, kinetic properties, and inhibition of aminodeoxychorismate synthase","volume":"396","author":"Sahr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02174-06","article-title":"Characterization of the role of para-aminobenzoic acid biosynthesis in folate production by Lactococcus lactis","volume":"73","author":"Wegkamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1021\/bi900400e","article-title":"The deazapurine biosynthetic pathway revealed: in vitro enzymatic synthesis of PreQ(0) from guanosine 5\u2032-triphosphate in four steps","volume":"48","author":"McCarty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.09.002","article-title":"The crystal structure of enamidase: a bifunctional enzyme of the nicotinate catabolism","volume":"384","author":"Kress","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12341","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601635103","article-title":"Molecular and functional analysis of nicotinate catabolism in Eubacterium barkeri","volume":"103","author":"Alhapel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05607","article-title":"Vitamin C. Biosynthesis, recycling and degradation in mammals","volume":"274","author":"Linster","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36891-6","article-title":"Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals","volume":"269","author":"Meister","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvp007","article-title":"Gene identification and characterization of 5-formyl-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine 4-carboxylic acid 5-dehydrogenase, an NAD+-dependent dismutase","volume":"145","author":"Yokochi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030189","article-title":"Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) and the glutathione peroxidase system; a link between one-carbon metabolism and antioxidation","volume":"9","author":"Dalto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1107\/S1744309112041796","article-title":"Structure of Escherichia coli RutC, a member of the YjgF family and putative aminoacrylate peracid reductase of the rut operon","volume":"68","author":"Knapik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091505","article-title":"Oral transmucosal cannabidiol oil formulation as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen: effects on pain relief and quality of life improvement in dogs affected by spontaneous osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Brioschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001896","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of daily cannabidiol for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis pain","volume":"161","author":"Verrico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569565","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.569565","article-title":"Feeding cannabidiol (CBD)-containing treats did not affect canine daily voluntary activity","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.11.1301","article-title":"Randomized blinded controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of oral cannabidiol administration in addition to conventional antiepileptic treatment on seizure frequency in dogs with intractable idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"254","author":"McGrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00505","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and related metabolites in canine serum after dosing with three oral forms of hemp extract","volume":"7","author":"Wakshlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583404","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.583404","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of various oral doses of a novel 1:20 THC:CBD cannabis herbal extract in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Chicoine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00051","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of the safety of escalating cannabinoid doses in healthy dogs","volume":"7","author":"Vaughn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.685606\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T15:42:41Z","timestamp":1672846961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.685606\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.685606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.685606","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2297-1769"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"article-number":"685606"}}