{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:06:42Z","timestamp":1790982402746,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In contrast to food-producing animals, where the documentation of the usage of antimicrobials is regulated by law, antimicrobial usage (AMU) in dogs and cats is only sparsely monitored. We collected data generated by an electronic practice management software (EPMS) between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018 to investigate AMU. All information was obtained from clinical routine data from the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (DSAM), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo). In 2017, 78,076 drug administrations were documented for 5,471 dogs and cats, of which 14,020 (17.96%) were antimicrobial drugs (AMs) specifically documented in 2,910 (51.31%) dogs and cats. In 2018, 104,481 drug administrations were documented for 5,939 dogs and cats. Of these drug administrations, 18,170 (17.39%) AM administrations were documented for 3,176 (53.48%) dogs and cats. Despite the increasing documentation of AM administrations, differences between 2017 and 2018 were not statistically significant [odds ratio (OR), 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98\u20131.03]. Prescription diversity (PD) in 2017 for dogs was 0.92 and for cats 0.89. In 2018, PD for dogs was 0.93 and for cats 0.88. As well as the documented number of AM administrations, the documented amount of active ingredients administered in 2018 (total: 17.06 kg; dogs: 16.11 kg, cats: 0.96 kg) increased compared with 2017 (total: 15.60 kg; dogs: 14.80 kg, cats: 0.80 kg). In 2017 and 2018, the most commonly administered antimicrobial groups were penicillins, nitroimidazoles, and quinolones for dogs and cats, respectively. While the in-house point-of-care administration accounts for the largest share of the documented amount of AMs administered, the highest number of documented AM administrations was assigned to inpatient care in 2017 and 2018, respectively. However, AM administration in outpatient care remained the lowest in both years. Since no statistically significant difference in AM administrations was observed between 2017 and 2018 and the most commonly used AMs at the DSAM were ranked, data can be used as a baseline to evaluate how changes in in-house guidelines and future legal requirements affect the prescribing culture. Data generated within the DSAM should be evaluated annually.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.689018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T04:54:00Z","timestamp":1624424040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of Antimicrobial Usage in Dogs and Cats at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Germany in 2017 and 2018"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Schnepf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Wagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger A.","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lothar","family":"Kreienbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Europe 2018.","year":"2019"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.02.007","article-title":"The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: science for intervention","volume":"6","author":"Roca","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108694","article-title":"Reasons for antimicrobial treatment failures and predictive value of in-vitro susceptibility testing in veterinary practice: an overview","volume":"245","author":"Richter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku346","article-title":"The world health assembly resolution on antimicrobial resistance","volume":"69","author":"Shallcross","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrobial Chemother."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","article-title":"Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cassini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw481","article-title":"Public health risk of antimicrobial resistance transfer from companion animals","volume":"72","author":"Pomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.160464","article-title":"Possible transmission of mcr-1-harboring Escherichia coli between companion animals and human","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1086\/524844","article-title":"Escherichia coli colonization patterns among human household members and pets, with attention to acute urinary tract infection","volume":"197","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.09.021","article-title":"Transmission of multiple antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus intermedius between dogs affected by deep pyoderma and their owners","volume":"98","author":"Guardabassi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":""},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"EMA\/CVMP\/131097\/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use Advice on Implementing Measures Under Article 57(3) of Regulation (EU) 2019\/6 on Veterinary Medicinal Products - Report on Specific Requirements for the Collection of Data on Antimicrobial Medicinal Products Used in Animals"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"(Federal Law Gazette [BGBl.]) Part I p. 3394, last amended by Article 11 of the Act of 6 May 2019. 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