{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:35:29Z","timestamp":1788867329845,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of tannic acid (TA)-treated corn on changes in ruminal fermentation characteristics and the composition of the ruminal bacterial community <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Ruminal fluid was obtained from three rumen-fistulated goats fed a 60:40 (forage\/concentrate) diet. The batch cultures consisted of 25 ml of strained rumen fluid in 25 ml of an anaerobic buffer containing 0.56 g of ground corn, 0.24 g of soybean meal, 0.10 g of alfalfa, and 0.10 g of oat grass. Ground corn (2 mm) was steeped in an equal quantity (i.e., in a ratio of 1:1, <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>) of water alone (Con), 15 (TA15), 25 (TA25), and 35 g\/l (TA35) TA solution for 12 h. After incubation for 24 h, TA-treated corn linearly increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;0.05) ruminal pH and the molar proportion of acetate, but linearly reduced (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;0.05) total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportion of butyrate compared with the Con treatment. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to investigate the profile changes of the ruminal microbes. A principal coordinates analysis plot based on weighted UniFrac values revealed that the structure of the ruminal bacterial communities in the control group was different from that of the TA-treated corn groups. The results of changes in the rumen bacterial communities showed that TA-treated corn linearly enriched (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;0.05) <jats:italic>Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group<\/jats:italic>, but linearly reduced (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;0.05) <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Ruminococcus_2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>unclassified_o__Clostridiales<\/jats:italic>. Functional prediction of ruminal microbiota revealed that the TA-treated corn linearly decreased ruminal microbiota function of utilizing starch through pyruvate metabolism. In conclusion, TA-treated corn can modulate the rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial composition, and metabolic pathways, which may be potentially useful for preventing the occurrence of ruminal acidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.698108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T05:28:43Z","timestamp":1635398923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tannic Acid-Steeped Corn Grain Modulates in vitro Ruminal Fermentation Pattern and Microbial Metabolic Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"F. F.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X. Z.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawda","family":"Elmhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. Y.","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Z.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. R.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.016","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: the physiological causes, incidence and consequences","volume":"176","author":"Plaizier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2003.00569.x","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis (sara): a review","volume":"50","author":"Kleen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7861","article-title":"In vitro effects of sodium bicarbonate buffer on rumen fermentation, levels of lipopolysaccharide and biogenic amine, and composition of rumen microbiota","volume":"97","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9009","article-title":"Using organic acids to control subacute ruminal acidosis and fermentation in feedlot cattle fed a high-grain diet","volume":"93","author":"Vyas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2010.02.002","article-title":"Effect of ruminal administration of the lactate-utilizing strain megasphaera elsdenii (me) ncimb 41125 on abrupt or gradual transition from forage to concentrate diets","volume":"157","author":"Henning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16944","article-title":"Thiamine ameliorates inflammation of the ruminal epithelium of Saanen goats suffering from subacute ruminal acidosis","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.773780x","article-title":"Influence of malic acid supplementation on ruminal pH, lactic acid utilization, and digestive function in steers fed high-concentrate finishing diets","volume":"77","author":"Monta\u00f1o","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2100","article-title":"Use of tannic acid to protect barley meal against ruminal degradation","volume":"85","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Moya","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1556\/AVet.54.2006.2.7","article-title":"Rumen fermentation and starch degradation by holstein steers fed sodium-hydroxide or formaldehyde-treated wheat","volume":"54","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.005","article-title":"Grains in ruminant feeding and potentials to enhance their nutritive and health value by chemical processing","volume":"226","author":"Humer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6023","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2380","article-title":"Feeding barley grain steeped in lactic acid modulates rumen fermentation patterns and increases milk fat content in dairy cows","volume":"92","author":"Iqbal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3118","article-title":"Feeding rolled barley grain steeped in lactic acid modulated energy status and innate immunity in dairy cows","volume":"93","author":"Iqbal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.024","article-title":"Treating barley grain with lactic acid and heat prevented sub-acute ruminal acidosis and increased milk fat content in dairy cows","volume":"172","author":"Iqbal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201500040","article-title":"Modulation of resistant starch and nutrient composition of barley grain using organic acids and thermal cycling treatments","volume":"67","author":"Harder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Starch-Starke."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8107","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9913","article-title":"Treatment of grain with organic acids at 2 different dietary phosphorus levels modulates ruminal microbial community structure and fermentation patterns in vitro","volume":"98","author":"Harder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116002810","article-title":"Influence of barley grain particle size and treatment with citric acid on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in holstein calves","volume":"11","author":"Kazemi-Bonchenari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118001064","article-title":"Feeding corn grain steeped in citric acid modulates rumen fermentation and inflammatory responses in dairy goats","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1982.tb12956.x","article-title":"Interactions of tannic acid and catechin with legume starches","volume":"47","author":"Deshpande","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Food Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76253-2","article-title":"Effects of barley, hulless barley, and corn in concentrates on site and extent of digestion by lactating cows","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-013-1489-8","article-title":"Impact of subacute ruminal acidosis on the diversity of liquid and solid-associated bacteria in the rumen of goats","volume":"30","author":"Huo","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00167","article-title":"High-grain feeding causes strong shifts in ruminal epithelial bacterial community and expression of toll-like receptor genes in goats","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0430099","article-title":"Studies on ruminant saliva","volume":"43","author":"McDougall","year":"1948","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72137-3","article-title":"Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation","volume":"89","author":"Busquet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"1995"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","article-title":"Methods for dietary fiber, neutral-detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Van","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"V-1","article-title":"Neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates nutritional relevance and analysis (a laboratory manual)","volume-title":"Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida Bull","author":"Hall","year":"2001"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"110","article-title":"Determination of rumen volatile fatty acids by means of gas chromatography (in Chinese, with English abstract)","volume":"4","author":"Qin","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Nanjing Agric College."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51379-X","article-title":"The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological materials","volume":"138","author":"Barker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection","volume":"27","author":"Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.16","article-title":"Habitat degradation impacts black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) gastrointestinal microbiomes","volume":"7","author":"Amato","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2002.00531.x","article-title":"Estimating the number of species in a stochastic abundance model","volume":"58","author":"Chao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Team rdc. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"Team","year":"2012"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676","article-title":"Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16s rrna marker gene sequences","volume":"31","author":"Langille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-2926","article-title":"Experimental feed induction of ruminal lactic, propionic, or butyric acidosis in sheep","volume":"88","author":"Lettat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5763","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of condensed (acacia and quebracho) and hydrolysable (chestnut and valonea) tannins on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro","volume":"93","author":"Hassanat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2018.1545502","article-title":"Effects of dietary crude protein and tannic acid on rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota and nutrient digestion in beef cattle","volume":"73","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00739-09","article-title":"Rumen microbiome composition determined using two nutritional models of subacute ruminal acidosis","volume":"75","author":"Khafipour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-016-2178-0","article-title":"NF-\u03baB is involved in the LPS-mediated proliferation and apoptosis of MAC-T epithelial cells as part of the subacute ruminal acidosis response in cows","volume":"38","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114619","article-title":"Effect of high-concentrate diets on microbial composition, function, and the VFAs formation process in the rumen of dairy cows","volume":"269","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"FredAR\n          Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria2015"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(85)80015-1","article-title":"Reclassification of Bacteroides microfusus (Kaneuchi and Mitsuoka) in a new genus Rikenella, as Rikenella microfusus comb","volume":"6","author":"Collins","year":"1985","journal-title":"nov. Syst Appl Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.063917-0","article-title":"Acetobacteroides hydrogenigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic hydrogen-producing bacterium in the family Rikenellaceae isolated from a reed swamp","volume":"64","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.53.6.1273-1276.1987","article-title":"Quin's oval and other microbiota in the rumens of molasses-fed sheep","volume":"53","author":"Vicini","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4110","article-title":"Cultivation and sequencing of rumen microbiome members from the Hungate1000 Collection","volume":"36","author":"Seshadri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198469","article-title":"Induction of colonic regulatory t cells by indigenous clostridium species","volume":"331","author":"Atarashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12724","article-title":"Microbiome-metabolome analysis reveals unhealthy alterations in the composition and metabolism of ruminal microbiota with increasing dietary grain in a goat model: Ruminal microbial communities and metabolite profiles of goats fed high-grain diet","volume":"18","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-017-0940-z","article-title":"Changes in microbiota in rumen digesta and feces due to a grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge","volume":"74","author":"Plaizier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Ecol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731120000786","article-title":"Effects of the acid\u2013base treatment of corn on rumen fermentation and microbiota, inflammatory response and growth performance in beef cattle fed high-concentrate diet","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2007.10.053","article-title":"Hydrogen production from sugars and sweet sorghum biomass using ruminococcus albus","volume":"33","author":"Ntaikou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083424","article-title":"Characterization of the core rumen microbiome in cattle during transition from forage to concentrate as well as during and after an acidotic challenge","volume":"8","author":"Petri","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B52","unstructured":"Starch, and Sucrose Metabolism2017"},{"key":"B53","unstructured":"Pentose Phosphate Pathway2020"},{"key":"B54","unstructured":"Fructose, and Mannose Metabolism2020"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Glyoxylate, and Dicarboxylate Metabolism2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.698108\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T05:28:49Z","timestamp":1635398929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.698108\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.698108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.698108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"article-number":"698108"}}