{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T14:46:42Z","timestamp":1774018002388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This case report describes the clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and associated (histo)pathological findings in a crossbred Belgian Blue calf with congenital complex brain anomaly. The calf was presented with non-progressive signs (including cerebellar ataxia) since it was born, suggestive of a multifocal intracranial lesion. A congenital anomaly was suspected and after hematology, biochemistry, serology, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, a magnetic resonance imaging study was performed. The following suspected abnormalities were the principal changes identified: severe hydrocephalus, porencephaly, suspected partial corpus callosum agenesis (CCA), and increased fluid signal between the folia of the cerebellum. Post-mortem examination predominately reflected the MRI findings. The origin for these malformations could not be identified and there was no evidence of a causative infectious agent. Corpus callosum abnormalities have been reported in bovids before and have been linked to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections, as have several other central nervous system anomalies in this species. In this case, BVDV was deemed an unlikely causative agent based on serology test results and lack of typical histopathological signs. The etiology of the congenital anomaly present in this bovine calf remains unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.700527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T17:02:12Z","timestamp":1632330132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Case Report: Complex Congenital Brain Anomaly in a BBxHF Calf\u2013Clinical Signs, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Pathological Findings"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Neeltje J.","family":"Veenema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen M.","family":"Santifort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nienke W.","family":"Kuijpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Seijger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Hut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0145-8","article-title":"Virus-induced congenital malformations in cattle","volume":"57","author":"Agerholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30673-3","article-title":"Congenital defects of the bovine central nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Leipold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Food An Pract."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382032-7.10084-0","article-title":"Chapter 84: Teratogeneses in livestock","volume-title":"Reproduction and Developmental Toxicology","author":"Coppock","year":"2011"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01717.x","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis\u2014ultrasonographic diagnosis of diplomyelia in a calf","volume":"51","author":"Testoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"99","article-title":"Agenesis of corpus callosum in calves","volume":"68","author":"Cho","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0020","article-title":"Low-field magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of a calf with aqueductal stenosis caused by web: comparison with normal calves","volume":"81","author":"Hori","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02580-4","article-title":"Clinical, MRI, and histopathological findings of congenital focal diplomyelia at the level of L4 in a female crossbred calf","volume":"16","author":"Wunderink","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10717","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of the calf brain as revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"270","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Morphol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2004.02.011","article-title":"Clinical examination of the ruminant nervous system","volume":"20","author":"Constable","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2008.00094.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in cattle with central nervous system disorders: a retrospective study of 102 cases (1990\u20132008)","volume":"38","author":"Stokol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2004.02.004","article-title":"Diagnostic techniques and clinicopathologic findings in ruminant neurologic disease","volume":"20","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am. 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