{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:50:07Z","timestamp":1788583807556,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The domestication process exerts different phenotypic plasticity between slow- and fast-growing breeds of chicken. Feed restriction has a critical role in production performance, physiological plasticity, and stress response. Our study aimed to explore how feed restriction programed the organ index, dopamine, and hippocampal transcriptome profile between slow- and fast-growing chickens, which were fed either<jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic>(SA and FA), or feed restricted to 70% of<jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic>(SR and FR), for 30 days. Results showed that feed restriction influenced the brain organ index (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05), but not the organ index of the heart, liver, and spleen. The slow-growing breed tested had a higher brain organ index than the fast-growing breed (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). Under feed restriction conditions, both the slow- and fast-growing breeds had significantly elevated dopamine concentrations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05) compared to those fed<jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic>. In the GO term, upregulated genes in the FA group were enriched in the mitochondria, respiratory chain, and energy metabolism compared to the SA group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). Membranes and ribosomes were enriched in the cellular component between the SR and FR groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). In the KEGG functional pathways, upregulated DEGs in the FR group were enriched in the cardiovascular disease category and neurodegenerative disease category compared to the FA group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). Downregulated DEGs in the FA group were enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation and neurodegenerative disease categories (Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease) compared with the SA group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). Upregulated DEGs in the FR group were enriched in the cardiovascular disease category, neurodegenerative disease category, and energy metabolism than the SR group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, feed restriction had profound effects on the brain organ index and plasma dopamine in the slow- and fast-growing chickens. Feed restriction may result in issues relating to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases in the fast-growing breed tested, but not in the slow-growing breed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.701850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T04:34:48Z","timestamp":1631766888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Domestication and Feed Restriction Programming Organ Index, Dopamine, and Hippocampal Transcriptome Profile in Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Siyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiben","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maojun","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00156-3","article-title":"Domestication effects on foraging strategy, social behaviour and different fear responses: a comparison between the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and a modern layer strain","volume":"74","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393390700147X","article-title":"Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication","volume":"63","author":"Al-Nasser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Worlds Poultry Science Journal."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.12.015","article-title":"Effects of domestication on food deprivation-induced behaviour in red junglefowl, Gallus gallus, and White Leghorn layers","volume":"77","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim Behav."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3384\/diss.diva-132379","volume-title":"Chicken domestication: effects of tameness on brain gene expression and DNA methylation","author":"B\u00e9lteky","year":"2016"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00055","article-title":"Comparison of a modern broiler line and a heritage line unselected since the 1950s","volume":"88","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20020004","article-title":"Broiler breeders: feed restriction and welfare","volume":"58","author":"Mench","year":"2002","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04291","article-title":"Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005","volume":"93","author":"Zuidhof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Poultry Genetic Resources in China","author":"Chen","year":"2004"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0206131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206131","article-title":"Transcriptome profile analysis of leg muscle tissues between slow- and fast-growing chickens","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2006-00424","article-title":"Performance, livability, and carcass yield of slow- and fast-growing chicken genotypes fed low-nutrient or standard diets and raised indoors or with outdoor access","volume":"87","author":"Fanatico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. 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