{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:14:27Z","timestamp":1790104467079,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Previous serological screenings have indicated that Eurasian semi-domesticated tundra reindeer (<jats:italic>Rangifer tarandus tarandus<\/jats:italic>) in Finnmark, Northern Norway, are exposed to alphaherpesvirus, gammaherpesvirus and pestivirus. Alphaherpesvirus (i.e., Cervid herpesvirus 2; CvHV2) has been identified as the transmissible component of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC). Limited knowledge exists on the presence and prevalence of virus infections in other herding regions in Norway, which are hosting ~67,000 semi-domesticated reindeer and have contact with other species and populations of wildlife and livestock than those present in Finnmark.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Blood samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 618) were obtained over five winter seasons (2013\u20132018), from eight different herds representing summer pasture districts in Tana, Lakselv, Troms\u00f8, L\u00f8dingen, Hattfjelldal, Fosen, R\u00f8ros, and Filefjell, distributed from North to South of the reindeer herding regions in Norway. Blood samples were investigated for specific antibodies against five viral pathogen groups, alphaherpesvirus, gammaherpesvirus (viruses in the malignant catarrhal fever group; MCFV), pestivirus, bluetongue virus (BTV), and Schmallenberg virus (SBV), by using commercial multispecies serological tests (ELISA). In addition, swab samples obtained from the nasal mucosal membrane from 486 reindeer were investigated by PCR for parapoxvirus-specific DNA.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Antibodies against aphaherpesvirus and MCFV were found in all eight herds, with a total prevalence of 42% (range 21\u201362%) and 11% (range 2\u201315%), respectively. Anti-Pestivirus antibodies were detected in five of eight herds, with a total prevalence of 19% (range 0\u201352%), with two of the herds having a particularly high seroprevalence. Antibodies against BTV or SBV were not detected in any of the animals. Parapoxvirus-specific DNA was detected in two animals representing two different herds in Finnmark.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> This study confirmed that alphaherpesvirus and MCFV are enzootic throughout the geographical reindeer herding regions in Norway, and that pestivirus is present in most of the herds, with varying seroprevalence. No exposure to BTV and SBV was evident. This study also indicated that semi-domesticated reindeer in Finnmark are exposed to parapoxvirus without disease outbreaks being reported from this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.707787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T17:47:43Z","timestamp":1634147263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Screening for Virus Infections in Eight Herds of Semi-domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway, 2013\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Morten","family":"Tryland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"S\u00e1nchez Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingebj\u00f8rg Helena","family":"Nymo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Marie","family":"Breines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Ancin Murguzur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Christian","family":"Kjenstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina W.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Sustainable and resilient reindeer herding","volume-title":"Reindeer and Caribou - Health and Disease","author":"Riseth","year":"2019"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"151","article-title":"Hormonal changes in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) during silent heat","volume-title":"Recent Developments in Deer Biology","author":"Eloranta","year":"1994"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00126","article-title":"Infectious disease outbreak associated with supplementary feeding of semi-domesticated reindeer","volume":"6","author":"Tryland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"AltaNorwegian Reindeer Husbandry AuthorityRessursregnskap for Reindriftsn\u00e6ringen. Annual Reports 2014\u201320182019"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.7557\/2.13.4.1120","article-title":"Serosurvey of three virus infections in reindeer in northern Norway and Svalbard","volume":"13","author":"Stuen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rangifer."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.7557\/2.25.2.255","article-title":"Evidence of parapox-, alphaherpes- and pestivirus infections in carcasses of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from Finnmark, Norway","volume":"25","author":"Tryland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rangifer."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.06.013","article-title":"Alphaherpesvirus infections in semidomesticated reindeer: a cross-sectional serological study","volume":"139","author":"das Neves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-07-185","article-title":"Gammaherpesvirus infection in semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): a cross-sectional, serologic study in northern Norway","volume":"49","author":"das Neves","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010029","article-title":"Pestivirus infections in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): a retrospective cross-sectional serological study in Finnmark County, Norway","volume":"12","author":"das Neves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E876","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080876","article-title":"Gammaherpesvirus in cervid species from Norway: characterization of a new virus in wild and semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)","volume":"12","author":"das Neves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.02.015","article-title":"Cervid herpesvirus 2 infection in reindeer: a review","volume":"143","author":"das Neves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-5","article-title":"Evidence of alphaherpesvirus infections in Alaskan caribou and reindeer","volume":"8","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219838","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219838","article-title":"Multi-pathogen serological survey of migratory caribou herds: a snapshot in time","volume":"14","author":"Carlsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0291-2","article-title":"Cervid herpesvirus 2 and not Moraxella bovoculi caused keratoconjunctivitis in experimentally inoculated semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer","volume":"59","author":"Tryland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1338-y","article-title":"Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): microbiological study of clinically affected and unaffected animals with special reference to cervid herpesvirus 2","volume":"14","author":"S\u00e1nchez Romano","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"273","article-title":"Virus infections and diseases","volume-title":"Reindeer and Caribou - Health and Disease","author":"Tryland","year":"2019"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.11.007","article-title":"Malignant catarrhal fever: a review","volume":"179","author":"Russell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022513-114156","article-title":"Malignant catarrhal fever: inching toward understanding","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.7557\/2.12.3.1044","article-title":"A serological, retrospective study in reindeer on five different viruses","volume":"12","author":"Rehbinder","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rangifer."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.10.018","article-title":"Pestivirus and alphaherpesvirus infections in Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L","volume":"156","author":"Kautto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682223","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2019.1682223","article-title":"Seroprevalence of pestivirus in Fennoscandian, Russian and Icelandic Eurasian tundra reindeer","volume":"9","author":"Omazic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.4.779","article-title":"Antibodies to ruminant alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses in Norwegian cervids","volume":"39","author":"Lillehaug","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"6","article-title":"Munv\u00e5rtsjuka - en ny rensjukdom?","author":"Nordkvist","year":"1973","journal-title":"Renn\u00e4ringsnytt."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105.3.60","article-title":"Contagious ecthyma (orf) in reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus)","volume":"105","author":"Kummeneje","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"614","article-title":"Klinik und Diagnostik einer schweren Parapocken-Epidemie beim Rentier in Finland","volume":"23","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztl Prax."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.13.394","article-title":"Contagious ecthyma in Norwegian semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)","volume":"149","author":"Tryland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"2947","article-title":"Poxviruses","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"Damon","year":"2007"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-79","article-title":"Characterisation of parapoviruses isolated from Norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)","volume":"2","author":"Klein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.12.031","article-title":"The role of wildlife in bluetongue virus maintenance in Europe: lessons learned after the natural infection in Spain","volume":"182","author":"Ruiz-Fons","year":"","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00461","article-title":"A multi-pathogen screening of captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Germany based on serological and molecular assays","volume":"6","author":"S\u00e1nchez Romano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.e292","article-title":"Schmallenberg virus: a novel viral disease in northern Europe","volume":"170","author":"Gibbens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.03.021","article-title":"Schmallenberg virus\u2013two years of experiences","volume":"116","author":"Wernike","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102149","article-title":"The first documented clinical case of Schmallenberg virus in Norway: fetal malformations in a calf","volume":"174","author":"Wisl\u00f8ff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-51-9","article-title":"Evaluation of three commercial bovine ELISA kits for detection of antibodies against alphaherpesviruses in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)","volume":"51","author":"das Neves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02416-08","article-title":"Cervid herpesvirus 2 causes respiratory and fetal infections in semidomesticated reindeer","volume":"47","author":"das Neves","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300417","article-title":"A simpler, more sensitive competi- tive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever viruses","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"343","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to the p80\/125 gp53 proteins of bovine viral diarrhea virus: their potential use as diagnostic reagents","volume":"54","author":"Deregt","year":"1990","journal-title":"CanJVetRes."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.10.029","article-title":"Evaluation of antibody-ELISA and real-time RT-PCR for the diagnosis and profiling of bluetongue virus serotype 8 during the epidemic in Belgium in 2006","volume":"129","author":"Vandenbussche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.121067","article-title":"Epizootic Spreads of Schmallenberg virus among wild cervids, Belgium, fall 2011","volume":"18","author":"Linden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-1-227","article-title":"Recognition of another member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: an endemic gamma- herpesvirus in domestic goats","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29862","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v5.29862","article-title":"Serologic screening for 13 infectious agents in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Flanders","volume":"5","author":"Tavernier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1005-8","article-title":"Serological testing of Schmallenberg virus in Swedish wild cervids from 2012 to 2016","volume":"13","author":"Malmsten","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(99)00144-5","article-title":"Detection and diagnosis of parapoxvirus by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"84","author":"Inoshima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol Methods."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.3.1313-1320.2000","article-title":"Orf virus encodes a novel secreted protein inhibitor of granulocyte-macrophage col- ony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2","volume":"74","author":"Deane","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"ViennaR Foundation for Statistical ComputingR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing2021"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01198-09","article-title":"Cervid herpesvirus 2, the primary agent in an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semidomesticated reindeer","volume":"47","author":"Tryland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.08.002","article-title":"Cervid herpesvirus 2 experimentally reactivated in reindeer can produce generalized viremia and abortion","volume":"145","author":"das Neves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00218-09","article-title":"Experimental infection of reindeer with cervid herpesvirus 2","volume":"16","author":"das Neves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548174","article-title":"Isolation of a herpesvirus serologically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 from a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)","volume":"27","author":"Ek-Kommonen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.7557\/2.10.3.882","article-title":"The demonstration of a herpesvirus, relatedto bovine herpesvirus 1, in reindeer with ulcerative and necrotizing lesions ofthe upper alimentary tract and nose","volume":"3","author":"Rockborn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rangifer."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902469","article-title":"Stress-induced glucocorticoids at the earliest stages of herpes simplex virus-1 infection suppress subsequent antiviral immunity, implicating impaired dendritic cell function","volume":"184","author":"Elftman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0339-x","article-title":"Bovine herpesvirus 1 regulatory proteins are detected in trigeminal ganglionic neurons during the early stages of stress-induced escape from latency","volume":"21","author":"Kook","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurovirol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.4.797","article-title":"Malignant catarrhal fever in free-ranging cervids associated with OvHV-2 and CpHV-2 DNA","volume":"42","author":"Vik\u00f8ren","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9872","article-title":"Genetic diversity of pestiviruses: identification of novel groups and implications for classification","volume":"262","author":"Becher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1001","article-title":"Evidence for the presence of two novel pestivirus species","volume":"286","author":"Avalos-Ramirez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00192-2","article-title":"Genetic and antigenic characterization of novel pestivirus genotypes: implications for classification","volume":"311","author":"Becher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B57","first-page":"165","article-title":"Characteristics of the 5' untranslated region of wisent (Bison bonasus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Pestivirus isolates","volume":"42","author":"Giangaspero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Ital."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.7557\/2.10.2.797","article-title":"Experimental infection of reindeer with bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"10","author":"Morton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rangifer."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Diseases caused by viruses and chlamydia I. Bovine virus diarrhea, mucosal disease, bovine pestivirus disease complex","volume-title":"Veterinary Medicine. A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses","author":"Radostits","year":"2000"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"169","article-title":"Asymptomatic parapoxvirus infections in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)","volume-title":"Proceedings of the XIVth International Poxvirus & Iridovirus Workshop; 2002 Sep 20\u201325","author":"Tryland","year":"2002"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2017-0032","article-title":"Observed and predicted effects of climate change on Arctic caribou and reindeer","volume":"26","author":"Mallory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Ver."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"237","article-title":"Bacterial infections and diseases","volume-title":"Reindeer and Caribou. Health and Disease","author":"Josefsen","year":"2019"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"383","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of reindeer diseases","volume-title":"Reindeer and Caribou - Health and Disease","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.707787\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T17:48:06Z","timestamp":1634147286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.707787\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.707787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.707787","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"article-number":"707787"}}