{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T19:32:17Z","timestamp":1774639937347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014220","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-Henan Joint Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010242","name":"Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010023","name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013254","name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The larval stages of <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. granulosus s.l<\/jats:italic>) infection can alter B cell function and affect host anti-infective immunity, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The newly emerging immunometabolism highlights that several metabolites are key factors in determining the fate of immune cells, which provides a new insight for exploring how larval <jats:italic>E. granulosus s.l<\/jats:italic>. infection remodels B cell function. This study investigated the metabolomic profiles of B cells in mice infected with <jats:italic>E. granulosus s.l<\/jats:italic>. protoscoleces (PSC).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Total CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells, purified from the spleen of infected mice, showed significantly increased production of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-10 after exposure to LPS <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, the mRNA expression of metabolism related enzymes in B cells was remarkably disordered post infection. In addition, differential metabolites were identified in B cells after infection. There were 340 differential metabolites (83 upregulated and 257 downregulated metabolites) identified in the positive ion model, and 216 differential metabolites (97 upregulated and 119 downregulated metabolites) identified in the negative ion mode. Among these, 64 differential metabolites were annotated and involved in 68 metabolic pathways, including thyroid hormone synthesis, the metabolic processes of glutathione, fructose, mannose, and glycerophospholipid. Furthermore, several differential metabolites such as glutathione, taurine, and inosine were validated to regulate the cytokine production in LPS stimulated B cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>Infection with the larval <jats:italic>E. granulosus s.l<\/jats:italic>. causes metabolic reprogramming in the intrinsic B cells of mice, which provides the first evidence for understanding the role and mechanism of B cells in parasite anti-infective immunity from the viewpoint of immunometabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.718743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T05:46:00Z","timestamp":1630907160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Metabolomics Analysis of Splenic CD19+ B Cells in Mice Chronically Infected With Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Protoscoleces"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daxiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jikai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingmei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenfen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.12.012","article-title":"Understanding the laminated layer of larval Echinococcus I: structure","volume":"27","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02420-15","volume":"54","author":"Agudelo Higuita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cystic echinococcosis. 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